"In a potential step toward sending small spacecraft to the stars, researchers have developed an ultra-thin, ultra-reflective membrane designed to ride a column of laser light to incredible speeds. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Breakthrough Lightsail: Ultra-Thin, AI-Optimized, and Ready to Race to Alpha Centauri)
Ultra-thin and strong materials are things that can make a large solar- or lightsail true. Lightsails offer a cheap and easy way to transport spacecraft to the asteroid belt. Materials used in lightsails can offer a choice to take asteroids back to Earth. The vehicle uses lightsail to travel to the asteroid belt. Then that lightsail turns into a bag and the craft wraps the asteroid. And then it can ignite its rocket.
Theoretically, solar- or light sails can even travel to Alpha Centauri. The lightsail gets its energy from the sun. The particle flow from the sun pushes that system out from the sun. The system can use magnetized materials to collect those ions more effectively. And there can be lasers on its road that shoot laser impulses to a lightsail. However, the magnetized material allows to use of ion cannons that shoot ions to the lightsail. Thin magnets can collect those particles into the sail. The lightsail can research the solar system.
And ions give more power. In the most powerful version called "Medusa," the system uses a lightsail in the inner solar system. There are thermonuclear bombs like hydrogen bombs on the sails route. Those nuclear bombs can be shot to those positions using different spacecraft. And when lightsail travels past them those systems will be detonated. That gives punch to that spacecraft on the journey to Proxima Centauri.
Lightsails are very large structures. If that material is covered using metals the lightsail's sail structure can be used as a communication antenna. That makes it possible to create large-size radar antennas. And maybe in the future, that kind of system can research the solar system. The lightsail technology can also used in radio telescopes, radar, and electronic recon satellites.
Radio telescopes and electronic recon satellites are the same systems. The large antenna can capture weak signals. So the next-generation electronic recon satellites can use lightsail's material technology in their structures. The same materials can be used in large-scale weather-protecting structures on Earth. They can be used to cover camps and even yards in everyday life.
The same system that recognizes and sorts garbage can also recognize everything else that we teach it to recognize.
What else would you do with the system that we can teach to recognize and sort garbage? What if that system sends information about that item to some central? What if the system sends the location where that garbage is? We can teach the system to recognize things like drug syringes and then that thing sends the image and location to the center. The system can see if some person carries a gun and then send that information and the image to the central. The same system can also used to select things from the warehouse. And then the person can sort them into the right boxes.
Many AI products are double-use. This software can be used for many purposes. And when we think that the software is made for some normal things like recognizing garbage and then giving instructions where to put that carbage we face another interesting thing. If we should teach the AI that thing we can also teach the same AI many other things. The AI doesn't think. That means we can take images of people from the TV or net. And then we can use those images to recognize people from the streets. We can teach that system to recognize almost everything. It can recognize cars, people, and many other things.
Those algorithms might officially used for some other purposes. But the same system that can recognize and sort garbage. Can recognize and sort everything else. The thing is that we can teach that same system to recognize and sort almost everything. And that kind of system can also serve law enforcement and military work.
When we make a system that recognizes something and puts it into the right locker, we can make a system. There that functions and activates some handler. The machine view just activates some action when it sees something that matches with some image.
The purpose where we can use software that recognizes things like bottles or garbage and send that information to the city garbage unit can be used to recognize things like vehicles and cannons and send that information to the military leaders. The same software can recognize plastic bottles and sort them into the right recycling box.
And it can also recognize tanks from the battlefield. And then that thing can even sort those tanks by their marks and types. Then the system can select the right ammunition to destroy that thing. This kind of software is suitable for military work. As well as its original purpose is something else.
When we think about large language models (LLM) and artificial general intelligence (AGI), we sometimes forget that AGI is an extended version of the LLM. The LLM can handle any mission. We can imagine that it has the right dataset. Then we face another thing. We sometimes forget that AGI just handles the data that it has. The system connects data into new forms like puzzles. To generate things the AI requires data that it puts in the new order. The biggest difference between AGI and LLM is the scale of questions that they can answer. The system is productive if it has data that it can handle. And that is one of the things that we must realize.
The AI systems are impressive. But they are also computer systems. Those systems have two layers. The "iron" or physical layer. And software layer. The AI can run on separate programs or be integrated into the operating system. Or the AI algorithms can operate on the kernel when the AI software is loaded into microchips. That thing can seem like "iron-based AI". But it is software, like all other AIs.
When we think about AI and its shape.
We must realize. That even the best systems like human brains are useless without information.
The software sorts information like puzzles. We call that process using the name: "thinking". Human has two thinking speeds. The fast and slow. The slow is the analytic and the fast is like reflex.
Computers are useless without programs. Those programs are algorithms that the AI uses to control data. The thing. That makes it hard to make cognitive AI seem simple to solve.
We must make a system that learns like humans. And then mimic that process in the system. When we make a robot that reads a book and then stores that information in its memory we must realize that there are things like program code that the computer can handle quite easily.
It simply sees the code and then compiles it with its data. The system sees the details or attributes that make the database controller search for the right database that involves the right programming language like C++ etc. But when the system must handle abstract or non-certain data there is a problem. When the system learns something by watching movies the system must put the data to match with things that it sees on streets.
The problem is that the computer doesn't think. We can show anything like movies about some circus artists and tell that those people that the computer sees are "boxes". The computer can have details about things like boxes. But then it can connect those people in the database there are boxes. That might seem ridiculous. But that is possible. Same way if the robot gets the order to get the car.
A robot walks to the street and takes the first car. If there is no program. That makes the robot choose only the car that its master owns. The robot doesn't itself make a difference between, a car, lorry, van, or truck. For a robot, they are all cars. So if the robot must get the car to take some sand, it can go to the nearest car and then take it. Then robot can simply put sand on the trunk. The robot must have information about what type of vehicle it needs. For carrying sand.
That means we must also develop programs. That we can create AI that doesn't make surprises. The large language models are quite a new tool. Advancing is fast. But then we must realize that the road to the AGI can be longer than we expect. Or it can become a reality sooner than we expected. And then we must also understand that there is not a single person that can ask all possible questions in the world. The human's knowledge is limited to data. That human is stored. And there is no "General person" who knows everything in the world.
"Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is a type of highly autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) intended to match or surpass human capabilities across most or all economically valuable cognitive work. This contrasts with narrow AI, which is limited to specific tasks.[1] Artificial superintelligence (ASI), on the other hand, refers to AGI that greatly exceeds human cognitive capabilities. AGI is considered one of the definitions of strong AI." (Wikipedia, Artificial general intelligence)
When we think about the AGI and its relationship with humans we can say that the AGI is only an extremely large language model, LLM. That means that to turn into AGI the LLM requires only an extremely large database structure. That kind of database structure is hard to drive. But it's possible. The AGI makes "droplets" of the small language model, SML for each mission.
We can put all our equipment under the control of the large language model, LLM. Those systems require the computer and socket that the LLM can use to control them. In the traditional model, every single device and system. that we have can involve the computer the system that drives the vehicle on the road or cleans our house. The artificial general intelligence, AGI requires those sockets to control the vehicle. When the user says "Car come here" the AGI locates the person. And gives instructions to the vehicle that drives to pick up the person.
In that model, the AGI requires that we update all things. That we have. But then we can make another way to create things. That thing is a humanoid robot that has an extremely large database structure. That system can operate in every situation that we can. So, we can say that the AGI is only a large-scale LLM. The robot has only a small computer. However, the internet allows it to communicate with data centers. When a robot gets a new mission the data center generates the data structure or dataset that the robot needs.
And then creates a more limited, but compact database for that robot. In that model, the LLM creates a series of SLMs to make the robot operate in situations like visiting shops.
The robot can use three, or four datasets in that mission.
First, the robot must go out. Then it deletes the "home" dataset and uploads the "walk to shop dataset".
At the shop, the robot changes the dataset to "operate at the shop".
Then it changes the dataset to "go home and carry things that you bought". And finally, the last needed dataset involves data that the robot must do when it takes its shopping to the kitchen. In this model, every skill. That the robot has a different database structure or dataset. The central computer cuts a small part of its master data to the dataset series that the robot needs for missions. The humanoid robot is the thing. That can use all kinds of stuff.
The system can use old-fashioned cars, trucks, and hovering machines. And we can say that the humanoid robot is the socket that can connect everything to the Internet. The robot can use machine learning to find new skills. If a robot must fix the TV it must only know the model of the TV. And then it makes checks like cable checks and other things. Just like humans.
When we talk about AGI we must realize that even humans cannot do everything. We need to practice everything. When we face some system that is unknown to us, we must read instructions. When a robot learns something it creates a new dataset. And if some data center handles thousands of robots one of them can learn new things and then the system can scale that dataset all over the network.
Will LLM lead to artificial general intelligence, AGI? That is a good question. The answer depends on what we mean about the AGI. If we think about the situation we can use every single vehicle, that we see. From microwave ovens to taxi cars and street sweeper robots using the AI that asks when we want that street sweeper to clean our yard and robot taxi when it comes to get us we can say that the LLM can be the AGI. The street-sweeping robot can also ask if we need help with our baggage and maybe that same robot can cut our hair.
Then we must say that the robot that we see in front of us can make everything that we ask. It can turn to cab drivers cutting our hair cleaning our homes and making pizza for us. That kind of robot has a large scale of skills that it can use in every situation. Every skill that a robot has is a database in a large database structure. The central computer can upload the right dataset to a robot. That it controls.
When we think about the order "pick up my baggage and take them to the car and then drive car to pick me up". The fast internet makes it possible to download and change needed datasets in the robot computer's memory. In that case, the AI. That control's robot. Creates a small language model, SLM for each stage of the mission. The SLM is a compact, reflex version of the LLM. The system can use SLM in cases where the robot requires fast reactions.
"This graphic shows the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane. These are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date. They were detected in a drilled rock sample called “Cumberland” that was analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars lab inside the belly of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The rover, whose selfie is on the right side of the image, has been exploring Gale Crater since 2012. An image of the Cumberland drill hole is faintly visible in the background of the molecule chains. Credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily, Life on Mars? NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Prebiotic Clues in a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock)
The new observations about Martian rocks uncover long carbon molecules. Those molecules can be the remnants of ancient life. Or maybe some other thing formed them. When probes research red planet. we can see ancient lakes and rivers.
Today those lakes and rivers are all gone. The reason for that is that the Mars' atmosphere is very thin. And that allows cosmic radiation to impact Mars's surface.
There could be bacteria or proto-bacteria on that planet. But then some cosmic catastrophe like an impact with some big asteroid or protoplanet blew lots of material from the red planet to space. And it's possible that this impact also pushed Mars away from its original place. But was Mars closer, or outer from the sun? That is a good question. Another good question is: how big Mars was before those cosmic catastrophes? There were many catastrophes in the Mars-planet youth.
"A view of Mars’s north polar cap, reconstructed from various spacecraft data. The spiral troughs that dissect the cap are visible. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)
This river delta looks like a pituitary gland. "Glacier-like features, where a mass of material appears to have flowed downhill between two ridges, hint at where ice probably accumulated in the past in the mid-latitudes of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)
"A close-up of Mars’ south pole shows a thick ice cap, thought to be made up of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/Bill Dunford" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)
We see only the last version of that planet. The Mars planet didn't form the entire Asteroid belt. But there can be some remnants of the Mars-planet's ancient lithosphere. Those river and lake remnants are formed after the last catastrophe. And it's possible that the cosmic ice ball hit Mars at that time. That causes interesting thinking experiments. The Mars planet's gravity is very weak. If we compare it to Earth's gravity.
That means the cosmic snowball would not heat so much as if it hit Earth. So those cosmic snowballs can carry protobacteria to Mars. The big problem is this. Where came from water. What formed those ancient lakes and rivers come from? If we think that the red planet has been heavier and bigger before it lost its lithosphere.
So, did the planet Mars impact with the icy moon or some icy dwarf planet like Jupiter's Europa moon? That can explain those ancient lakes and rivers. If Mars really lost its lithosphere in some impact it should vaporize the water and throw that water, what existed before the impact to space.
We know that the biggest asteroid Ceres is mainly water. So there should be other ice asteroids in the asteroid belt. The depth of those oceans is unknown. But if the water that formed the Martian lakes and rivers remnants we see came from somewhere else the best candidate can be the water dwarf planet like Europa.
"Schematic of chiral terahertz generation and control: A femtosecond laser interacts with a patterned spintronic emitter, producing elliptically or circularly polarized terahertz waves. Rotating the emitter adjusts the polarization, while built-in electric fields—formed by charge accumulation at the pattern’s edges—control the amplitude and phase differences. Credit: Q. Yang et al., 10.1117/1.AP.7.2.026007" (ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)
"A revolutionary new spintronic device developed in China enables powerful, precise control of terahertz (THz) wave polarization, without the need for bulky external components."(ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)
Terahertz radiation and laser technology can boost microchip technology. And robotics with communication. Terahertz radiation is non-ionizing. That means it doesn't disturb its environment like radio waves do. This makes it a suitable tool for miniature microchips. Terahertz communication doesn't cause electromagnetic turbulence the same way as some radio waves.
And terahertz radiation doesn't interact with radio waves. That gives that radiation a very high accuracy in communication. Coherent terahertz radiation makes it possible to create a safe communication tool. The terahertz stripes can make the terahertz masers possible. And terahertz-radiation masers are tools that can make very highly accurate communication possible.
Another interesting tool is the miniature laser system. That system can allow to making of new types of microchips. Things like drones can also communicate by using small lasers. Both terahertz-masers and miniature lasers can make it possible to create smaller drones than ever before. Those systems allow the drone to use radio-wave-based energy transmission. Those new drones can be like some kind of smoke that can travel in the air.
"Deep ultraviolet solid-state laser with a compact setup generates a vortex at 193 nm wavelength. Credit: H. Xuan (GBA branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences)"
"A new solid-state laser produces 193-nm light for precision chipmaking and even creates vortex beams with orbital angular momentum – a first that could transform quantum tech and manufacturing." (ScitechDaily,Scientists Create Compact Laser That Could Revolutionize Chipmaking and Quantum Devices)
Miniaturized laser technology is a tool that can make miniature drones to fight against things like bacteria. Those drones can capture and analyze any bacteria that they see. Laser systems can cut the DNA into the wanted bites.
Miniature lasers can cut the cell organelles and that system makes it possible for the system to cut things like molecules at certain points. The nano-drones can operate in the nanotechnology factory. They can carry proteins and other things into the right places. That is one way to think about the nanofactory. The nanofactory can be the tank where the chemical environment is very accurately controlled.
The nanomachines swim in the chemically controlled liquid. Then they can carry DNA or other molecules at certain points in the structure. Those nanomachines can look like smoke when they operate in that environment. The advanced AI and quantum computers control that nanorobot swarm. The robot swarm can get its energy from light or some radiowaves. In that system, the normal light can give energy to the nanomachine's photovoltaic cells.
"Researchers from Princeton and MIT developed a way to intercept underwater messages from the air using radar, overturning long held assumptions about the security of underwater transmissions. Credit: Princeton University/Office of Engineering Communications" (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)
"Cross-medium eavesdropping technology challenges long-held assumptions about the security of underwater communications." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)
"Researchers from Princeton and MIT have developed a method to intercept underwater communications from the air, challenging long-standing beliefs about the security of underwater transmissions." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)
"The team created a device that uses radar to eavesdrop on underwater acoustic signals, or sonar, by decoding the tiny vibrations those signals produce on the water’s surface. In principle, the technique could also roughly identify the location of an underwater transmitter, the researchers said." (ScitechDaily, Not So Secure: Drones Can Now Listen to Underwater Messages)
New MIT drones can use radars to see submarines. They can hear the underwater messages. Submarines are used to communicate with each other. Drones can also connect themselves to the submarine's hull. They can slip into the harbor and then connect themselves to submarines.
Those drones can hear everything inside the submarine. This is why submarines should have a vacuum layer between the inner and outer hulls. That vacuum layer makes it harder to hear things. That the crew says in the submarine. That vacuum can also decrease the noise from its engines.
Drones can endanger privacy in many ways. They can take images of buildings. They can hear what people say in their rooms. They can carry normal and laser microphones in the houses. They can see through clothes using IR cameras. Drones can also put sensors on the data cables they can take images on screens. Drones can carry plasma- and spectroscopic sensors that allow them to see things like chemical compounds of the fuel, by analyzing exhaust gas.
By shooting targets using low-power laser systems, the plasma sensor sees the chemical compounds of the materials. So those drones can see many things. That humans cannot see.
But drones can also hear underwater communication. They can use acoustic microphones (hydrophones) to hear things. Like acoustic messages from submarines. Those systems can also hear sounds from the submarine engines and propellers. There is a possibility that the underwater drone travels near the submarine and connects itself to the submarine's hull. That allows those drones to hear everything that people say in the submarine. New drones can operate airborne and underwater. And they can operate in many ways against the enemy.
Advanced acoustic detectors can also use laser beams and radar systems to see how water molecules move. Those miniaturized systems can perform almost the same missions as manned helicopters.
The underwater drone can also use things like hollow warhead detonators to damage the submarine's outer shell. Those small drones can make holes in the hull like torpedo tube hatches. And they can damage submarine communication masts. Drones can also have acoustic transmitters that uncover the submarine's positions.
"The eVTOL offers a radar sensor-driven auto landing system and redundant battery propulsion system for convenient flight." (InterestingEngineering)
Flying cars are cheap VTOL aerial vehicles that are easy to handle. Those vehicles can also sometimes operate on the roads. In those cases, the quadcopter systems are on the wheels. In the newest models, the Kamov-type double rotors connected to quadcopter structures improve maneuverability and safety.
Those rotors are also used in NASA's Dragonfly drone. That it sends to Titan moon. Those manned quadcopters can make it possible to create helicopters that can operate underwater and airborne.
They can carry scuba divers to operational areas. Or people like law enforcement in the forest areas. They can bring tools to remote building sites. And anything that you might want to do with a small aerial vehicle that can carry one or two humans. Those small aerial vehicles can have manipulators. That allows them to collect garbage from yards.
Those systems can operate in situations where supersonic aircraft deliver operators while they fly with maximum speed. The flying car can operate autonomously or in a manned model. It can carry injured people out of the area. It can also avoid rush hour flying over traffic.
The quadcopter can be in the aerodynamic capsule below the tactical aircraft. Or those systems can be shot to the operational area by using a rocket. These kinds of systems are multipurpose tools from fun to civil and military purposes. The operator can hover above the area and make things like paintings.
Those flying cars can also be equipped with machine guns. So they can operate as lightweight patrol systems. That kind of flying system can also make it possible to carry things like man-shaped robots. That flying system can operate in hostile places like Venus's atmosphere. The system can collect samples and analyze the environment. But the fact is that those flying cars can also danger security in houses. People like burglaries can use them to get access to roofs. Or the snipers can use those tools as platforms.
"The diamond quantum chip used in this research. Credit: QuTech" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)
"Scientists at QuTech have achieved a major milestone in quantum computing by creating highly precise quantum gates on a diamond chip, hitting error rates as low as 0.001%." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)
"By using ultra-pure diamonds and advanced gate designs, the team overcame key challenges that have limited previous approaches. These precise gates passed rigorous testing with long sequences of operations, marking a significant step toward building scalable quantum computers." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)
The problem with quantum computers is the gate that controls the information flow. The qubit can involve at the same time multiple zeros and ones. When the quantum computer loads information to qubits we can think this thing is similar to the cases where the system spray paints that information to the qubit. But in that case, the system makes the 3D structure like a globe. There the mountains and hills are the zeros and ones.
Diamond qubits make quantum computers more effective. The prime question in those systems is how to stabilize that qubit. The qubit makes quantum entanglement between two photons. And then, it starts to make data transmission between those photons. Another promising thing to make qubits is neutrons. Neutrons are bipolar particles with N/S polarity. And that makes those particles capable of operating as qubits.
The system transmits information into the neutron's quantum field. That energy pike in the spin axle should transmit it forward.
The problem is that the neutron is not slight enough. The main problem is to control the photon. And transmit data in it. It's possible to use diamonds. Or, nanodiamonds trap photons and then transmit information between those diamonds. In some other cases, the nanodiamonds can also use phonons to transmit information in the quantum computer.
The nanodiamonds and phonons are tools. That can make so-called acoustic qubits possible. The acoustic qubits are like quantum organs. In that system, all nanodiamond pairs have different resonance frequencies. So each of those pairs has different impurities and different colors.
The acoustic or phononic qubits can mimic human brains. The idea is that those nano-size diamonds act like neurons.
One of the reasons. Why human brains are so effective is that those neurons are close to each other.
In the same way. In acoustic quantum computers, those diamonds are close to each other. And they can be closed in the nanotubes. That protects the acoustic transmission. The system is like the radio-wave-based systems. There each radio frequency is one layer or state of the qubit. Those diamonds can also send information in the form of EM radiation.
Those diamonds are in opposite graphene networks. Nanodiamonds are precisely opposite to each other. A laser beam forms the phonon into those diamonds. And then. That phonon transmits data between those layers and nanodiamonds. This is one vision of acoustic qubits.
The acoustic qubit means. That there the atoms or some atomic or subatomic particles like protons and neutrons that move.
There is the possibility. The acoustic qubit sends the proton or some other particle to the quantum channel. That particle can also carry data itself. In that model, the acoustic system just kicks the qubit forward.
"Researchers used thermomajorization theory to create a universal method for detecting the Mpemba effect, revealing it can occur across wide temperature ranges and may have broad scientific and technological applications. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)
"Scientists are uncovering the mysteries of the Mpemba effect."
The Mpemba effect, whereby hotter systems can cool faster than cooler ones under identical conditions, was first noted by Aristotle over 2,000 years ago. It was rediscovered in 1963 by Tanzanian student Erasto Mpemba, who observed the phenomenon while making ice cream during a school cooking class. Mpemba later co-authored a scientific paper with British physicist Denis Osborne, documenting the effect of water." ScitechDaily, Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)
When hot water releases its energy. It pushes air molecules stronger than cold water. Hot water affects more air molecules than hot water. That means more air molecules take the hot energy into them. That means those air molecules release more energy and energy travels in the air like a fractal. There is a situation in which when air molecules send that extra energy some of them will turn into lower energy levels than in the original situation.
The simpler explanation is that air molecules start to travel faster if there is a hot object in the room. The hot or warm air statue that travels to the roof. Or out from the window on the roof leaving space to outcoming air molecules. When those air molecules travel through the mosquito nets they release their energy. That means the air molecules have a lower energy level and they pull energy out from the hot water faster than from cold water. So the cold water cannot form the thermal pump effect that cools the room.
"Developing a universal criterion for measuring the Mpemba effect. Credit: Vu/KyotoU" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Unravel the Bizarre Physics of the Mpemba Effect)
Hot water releases its energy faster than cold water. So that means fast traveling energy along with those air molecules can drop temperature faster than in cold water because energy travels slower out from that cold object. That doesn't form an energy pothole.
Even Aristotle noticed that hot systems turn cold faster than cold systems. But what does that mean? When a system freezes. It releases its energy. Or the system transmits energy to another system. That other system must have a lower energy level than the transmitting side. Energy travels always from a higher to a lower energy level. So the hotter system is the energy hill. The lower system is like a valley, and energy travels there. But is the system hot or cold?
Those things are relative. If the other system's temperature is near to another. That means the difference between energy levels is the thing that determines is another system cold or not. So when energy levels between systems are high that means the higher energy system forms higher energy hills.
We can say that if the energy hill is very high. It releases energy faster than the low-energy hill. That means the differences between energy or temperature levels determine how fast energy travels to a lower energy level system. If the energy hill is high compared to a lower energy level system.
That means. The energy hill slope is steeper than in low energy hill. And if we think. That energy is like water that flows out of the system at a higher speed than if the energy hill is low. The low-energy hill has a gentle slope and energy travels out from the hill slower.
"New magnetic nanoparticles in the shape of a cube sandwiched between two pyramids represent a breakthrough for treating ovarian tumors and possibly other types of cancer. Credit: Parinaz Ghanbari
Oregon State University scientists have developed a highly efficient, uniquely shaped magnetic nanoparticle that could enable non-invasive, targeted heat-based cancer therapy for hard-to-reach tumors." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Unveil Cancer-Killing Nanoparticles Shaped Like Futuristic Cube-Pyramids)
The new nanoparticles are planned to kill cancer. They look like cube pyramids. And that is the new step to universal medicines that can kill both bacteria and cancer cells. The benefit of nanoparticles is that they are not toxic. Those nanoparticles can driven to the targeted cells. Then they can be activated by targeting EM or acoustic waves into them. Those waves can release some proteins or nano-strings. And when those particles made their mission. Magnets can collect them from blood.
Those nanoparticles can boost cancer treatments. They are used with the system that sends radiation that heats tumors. That kind of metal particles can allow doctors to use lower radiation emissions. Or it can turn mostly harmless radio waves into a cancer treatment tool.
The radiation heats those nanoparticles. And they can destroy tumor cells or bacteria and basils by that heat. Those metal particles can also open the road to new nanotechnical tools that can make traditional antibiotics old-fashioned. Some of them are is in the same technology that used in laundry powder.
There is some kind of string or protein in the ball. When that ball slips into the cell. The enzymes in the cell open that ball, and then that nanostring or protein is released in the cell. That nanostring can turn open like a whip. And that cuts the cell's protein shell open. Or they can just fill the cell. Another tool is the fast-rotating particle that can create bubbles in the cells.
Those particles start to rotate when some chemical stress activates their rotational movement. That thing makes those particles act like some nanotechnical moulinex. The idea is stolen from some primitive organisms like rodents. When some amoeba or basil eats that rodent it starts to rotate destroying the cell's internal structure.
The nanoparticles are not like regular medicines. Their effect is usually mechanic. In some visions, outcoming acoustic or electromagnetic waves cause resonation in those nanoparticles. And that thing destroys cancer and bacteria. The idea is this. Those nanoparticles resonate when they slip into the cell. And then that resonance sends waves into the cell. Those pressure waves destroy the cell's internal structures.
"Chinese researchers have reportedly developed a new type of afterburner for scramjet engines that could achieve Mach 6 at altitudes of 98,425 feet (30 km). According to the team behind it, this was achieved by cleverly incorporating magnesium powder into the hot exhaust gases produced by burning conventional jet fuel." (Interesting Engineering, China’s magnesium-powered scramjet breakthrough nearly doubles thrust at Mach 6)
Chinese use magnesium in the engine's afterburner there the exhaust gas ignites it. The magnesium can also be delivered into the engine as the magnesium tape. That tape increases temperature similar way as the electric arcs increase temperature in electric jet engines.
There is the possibility that the electric arcs along with the microwave systems can inject magnesium powder. That makes the system capable of using magnesium as its fuel in the entire engine.
During the WWII. German researcher Dr. Alexander Lippisch invented a supersonic aircraft that used carbon as fuel. The idea was that the ramjet engine burn carbon powder as fuel. The problem with that Lippisch P.13a plane was that the particle size of the carbon was too big. It is sometimes suggested that gunpowder with very small particle sizes can also be an effective fuel for ramjet engines.
"Model of Lippisch P13a at the Technik Museum Speyer"
"The solid-fuel powered P.13 was one of several distinct Lippisch design studies to be so designated and became identified as the P/13a. It underwent much the same variations of form as the P.12, being presented in a brochure with the large fin and integral raised cockpit, and with an articulated, double-hinged landing skid. The wing trailing edge is angled slightly forwards and the downturned tip surfaces have been discarded. The outer wing sections could be folded upwards for transportation by rail" The engine was successfully tested in Vienna. (Wikipedia, Lippisch P.13a)
In hydrogen-powered jet planes, the hydrogen-producing unit or electrolytic system can be in the airplane.
The aircraft will fill its tanks with water. And then the electrolytic system will break those water molecules. The system can get that electricity from any electric source. So the operators must only connect the electric wire to the airplane. Or if those people have time they can cover their aircraft using solar panels that create needed electricity.
Lippisch got that idea from the dust explosions where the dust with a large fire surface will detonate. Those dust explosions destroyed many mills. So the ramjet engines can theoretically use any powder as fuel. The carbon or molecular-size carbon powder can explode giving thrust. In fact, even wheat flour to give thrust if the size of the powder particles is small enough. If we want to make a ramjet or scramjet engine that is carbon-free, we must use some fuels that don't involve carbon.
So, the answer to that problem can be in metals like magnesium. Or metal compounds like electrons. If the particle size of the metal- or metal-iron oxide compound is small enough the system can spray that metal powder to the ramjet engine. The electron is a compound of magnesium and iron oxide. And that chemical compound can give very high thrust to the engine. Because fuel itself involves oxygen that system allows the ramjet to operate also outside the atmosphere. Magnesium powder can be a good alternative to normal hydrocarbon. Or, at least Chinese research that thing as fuel.
"Columbia engineers have created a powerful 3D photonic-electronic chip that could overcome one of AI’s biggest hardware challenges: energy-hungry data transfer."(ScitechDaily, Game-Changing 3D Chip Uses Light to Supercharge AI)
The photonic computer would be a fundamental tool. It uses less energy, has a lower temperature, and requires fewer rare and expensive minerals than an electric computer. Theoretically, photonic computers can use silicone-photovoltaic cells, where laser light shoots electrons to move.
The photonic computer uses light in the same way. As electric computers use electricity. We can think of the electric computer or electric microchip as a voltage meter. When the electric level in the voltage meter goes below a certain point (that can be 4, for example) the system sees that value as zero. And when the voltage meter rises over 4 the system sees that value over 4 as one.
In a photonic computer. The voltage meter is replaced. Using a photometer. Theoretically, we can transform solar panels into optical data receivers. The laser beam that illuminates those solar panels can adjust their energy production. The silicone-based photovoltaic cells can be installed on microchips. The laser can transmit data to microchips through those photovoltaic cells that transform light beams into electric signals.
In modern AI-based systems.
A Certain wavelength like red can mean zero. And the blue laser ray can mean one.
Or the system can adjust the laser light brightness. The problem is how the system detects that the electricity is cut. The system requires three values in the measurement tool. When light, or electricity level turns below that border value the system translates that it's cut off.
The thing that makes those systems more effective is the light levels. Let's say, between 2-4 can mean zero. And above the 4 means one. If the system's energy level goes below 2. The system translates it that electricity is cut.
But that is only one version of the photonic computer.
There are three types of photonic computers.
1) The computer whose main data cables are replaced by optical cables.
2) The wires between the microchips are replaced by an ooptical wire. The system uses electricity only in microchips.
3) The all-photonic system microchip's internal data flow travels in the photonic form. The system uses electricity only when the system inputs data into the photonic computer.
The last, and the most radical version of computing is the tool that is one of the most impressive systems. All-photonic microchips are less vulnerable to electromagnetic fields than electric systems. The system requires things like diodes, light transistors, and resistors.
The most difficult thing is to turn the resistor to operate in optical areas. The answer can be the holographic system that acts in an optical area in a similar way as a resistor acts in electric components.
The Chinese People's Liberation Army, the PLA uses DeepSeek AI in non-combat missions. The Deep Seek can operate as the opponent and data seek missions in war games or military training.
The AI can be a good opponent for generals and admirals to research and develop tactics. That they want to use.
To be effective generals and admirals those people need good opponents in their war games. AI requires lots of information that they can benefit from in those missions. The DeepSeek can also used to train other AIs for military missions.
The problem is that. Open military AIs can be banned. And if mission-critical AI operates directly with outside users.
Those users can infect it using malicious code. And if that AI does not work right. That is a catastrophe.
And there is the possibility. In real cases, malware can infect those mission-intensive systems. Or as an example, electronic counter measures, ECM, and denial of service, DOS attacks can deny those LLM's operations.
So, the solution is to use open applications as gloves. That keeps the military AI sterile against malicious code.
If mission-critical AI operates directly with outsider users. They can see things like its server gates. The server that runs the LLM is similarly vulnerable to other servers. Hackers and malware can make attacks against those servers.
Malicious software can infect that large language model, LLM.
The open civilian application makes one extra layer between outside users and the military AI.
The DeepSeek can collect databases from multiple sources. And when it is ready.
The system can transfer those databases to other AI. The thing is that. The AI can use multiple sources to develop or train itself.
The training is like collecting some kind of encyclopedia of things that the AI must react to. Without information the AI is helpless. It must recognize details and then compile a reaction database with things that it sees.
The AI must recognize the situation and then find the action that allows it to make counter movement for that thing.
Those data sources can be sensors like spy satellites and recon planes. The system can also use things like computer games to create counteraction for some maneuvers. The AI can transfer the maneuvers that it detects from those sensors to the computer game. And then, the opponent who might not know about that information source starts to play against those maneuvers.
The system can render those objects like tanks to things. That even Western players can accept them. That kind of network-based data-collecting and training systems can teach those military AIs at a level. That they will not otherwise reach. The large-scale information collection is the thing that makes the AI more intelligent and capable to give response multiple situations.
Boeing will produce the new generation 6 air superiority fighter for the Pentagon. Trump pushed 20 billion dollars to Boeing. To complete that aircraft. The F-47 is a response to Chinese new jet fighters. That fighter will replace the old-fashioned F-22. The system would combine manned and unmanned systems. The F-45 is manned but it cooperates with things like "wingman drones" whose purpose is to defend the central unit. There are many possibilities for what that system can be. In some speculations, the F-47 is the last manned system.
And maybe there are some unmanned ground-attack versions of this aircraft. There are only a few details about that plane. The concept base is in the "Bird of Pray" test plan from the 1990's. The F-47 is quite a small size which means it can cooperate with the new long-range cruise missiles or some of its weapon systems are outside its body. The fact is that F-45 can be the most radical aircraft design that we have seen recently. It must be more advanced than F-35 Lightning II.
The advanced AI helps the system to complete its mission. That system should support pilots under extreme stress. The electronic warfare systems that are based on the large language models are the most effective that we can imagine.
The biggest advances in that plane are something under the hood. Materials and advanced AI with advanced interfaces should improve that system's ability to complete its missions.
Advanced sensor fusion collects data from multiple sources into that aircraft. In some visions, the future jet fighters are escorted by the kamikaze drones. Those kamikaze drones that are like flexible cruise missiles can make ground attack missions. Details of those systems are always highly secretive. But those things are predicted involving that new and powerful tool.
"A curiosity about tiny dots on a germanium wafer with metal films led to the discovery of intricate spiral patterns etched by a chemical reaction. Further experiments revealed that these patterns emerge from chemical reactions interacting with mechanical forces through a deforming catalyst. This breakthrough marks the most significant advance in studying chemical pattern formation since the 1950s. Understanding these complex systems could shed light on natural processes like crack formation in materials and the effects of stress on biological growth." (ScitechDaily, Never-Before-Seen: UCLA Physicists Discover Mysterious Spiral Patterns on Solid Surfaces)
Spiral patterns on solid surfaces are an interesting thing. Those structures look like galaxies. And that means they form in the same way. There is something like a tornado that touches that surface and turns it around. In the universe, that kind of structure forms around black holes. So, can this kind of spiral prove the first evidence of a quantum-size black hole?
The thing that forms spiral in germanium must have quite high power. Those spirals are very small. And that causes thoughts that there is one or a couple of atoms that make this spin.
All whirls from galaxy to those tiny spirals form when something turns the spirals center and spirals center form spiral around them.
Those high-power gravitational objects touch material and then turn the material into a spiral-shaped structure. The power of the force determines how big a whirl the object can turn. The whirl can form when the energy level decreases in some atoms that start to spin. And then they take atoms with them.
That kind of whirl can form in the liquid. The bottom of the water statue falls. When water touches the pothole. It forms a whirl at that point. It's also possible. To make a whirl on a solid surface. The Mohn's scale measures how strong the material is. Germanium has Mohn's number 6 which means its strength is average. Mohn's scale is 1-10.
The fact is that. The solid and liquid state of matter depends on the speed at which something hits the surface. So if the speed is high enough, even vapor or liquid turns as strong as concrete. So if we have enough power we can turn metal surfaces into whirl- or spiral-shaped structures.
The thing that can make that spiral can turn one atom in the structure spin. That atom can take other atoms with it. And it forms a galaxy-shaped thing in that solid structure. There is the possibility. That some kind of energy tornado touches an atom. And separates it from the structure. Or it stretches the bonds that connect that atom in the structure. Then that phenomenon starts to turn the structure into the whirls. That thing can be some kind of electromagnetic wormhole.
"Every vision is a joke until the first man accomplishes it; once realized, it becomes commonplace.
–Response to a reporter's question following criticism in The New York Times, 1920" (Wikipedia, Robert Goddard)
That is a good question. That depends on what the word "ever" means. If we determine the word "ever" in human lifetime we face one interesting thing. Maybe we who were born in the 20th century will not see that Mars trip happen. And it takes a far longer time to create a large-size stable colony. In the same way, we cannot think that things like Alcubierre's drive will not complete our lifetime.
Manned journeys to other planets than Mars are possible. But the risks are too high. Or the journeys to other planets than Mars, Venus, and Mercury take too long. And we cannot expect that people would spend lots of time in their lifetime in some spacecraft. Jupiter is too far for even the nuclear rockets and all nuclear rockets are CAD images on computer screens. And maybe we will not send the interstellar probe to Alpha Centauri in the next 200 years. Those things are purely theoretical.
But then we can look at history. We must realize that airplanes or heavier-than-air aerial vehicles flew first time in 1903. The Russian researcher Konstantin Tsilokovsky (1857-1935) made theories about flight outside the atmosphere in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. That man introduced the idea of the space elevator. In 1945 Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008) introduced a model of geostationary satellites. Making communication satellites possible.
Chinese invented rockets in the 13th century. The thing is that Robert H. Godard (1882-1945)invented the liquid-fueled rockets. However, the Chinese invented the powder rockets hundreds of years before Goddard.
The Chinese used rockets in the 13th century.
"Robert Goddard, bundled against the cold weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention—the first liquid-fueled rocket." (Wikipedia, Robert H. Goddard)
"irst successful flight of the Wright Flyer, by the Wright brothers. The machine traveled 120 ft (36.6 m) in 12 seconds at 10:35 a.m. at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Orville Wright was at the controls of the machine, lying prone on the lower wing with his hips in the cradle which operated the wing-warping mechanism. Wilbur Wright ran alongside to balance the machine, and just released his hold on the forward upright of the right wing in the photo. " (Wikipedia, Wright Flyer)
"The starting rail, the wing-rest, a coil box, and other items needed for flight preparation are visible behind the machine. This is described as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air, powered flight" by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, but is not listed by the FAI as an official record." (Wikipedia, Wright Flyer)
"V2-Rocket in the Peenemünde Museum" (Wikipedia, V-2 rocket)
"The Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket launch vehicle lifts-off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., at 9:32 a.m. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex Pad 39A." (Wikipedia, Saturn V)
"The Space Shuttle Discovery and its seven-member STS-120 crew head toward Earth-orbit and a scheduled link-up with the International Space Station. Liftoff from Kennedy Space Center's launch pad 39A occurred at 11:38:19 a.m. (EDT). Onboard are astronauts Pam Melroy, commander; George Zamka, pilot; Scott Parazynski, Stephanie Wilson, Doug Wheelock, European Space Agency's (ESA) Paolo Nespoli and Daniel Tani, all mission specialists." (Wikipedia, Space shuttle)
Above: SpaceX Starship
2013 Lockheed Martin concept image of the SR-72 (Wikipedia, Lockheed Martin SR-72)
Artist's concept of a Skylon reaching orbit (Wikipedia, Skylon)
"The Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) was a nuclear thermal rocket engine development program that ran for roughly two decades. Its principal objective was to "establish a technology base for nuclear rocket engine systems to be utilized in the design and development of propulsion systems for space mission application" It was a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and was managed by the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) until the program ended in January 1973. SNPO was led by NASA's Harold Finger and AEC's Milton Klein." (Wikipedia, NERVA)
NASA artist rendering, from 1999, of the Project Orion pulsed nuclear fission spacecraft. (Wikipedia, Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)
Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) made the world's first liquid-fueled rocket in the year 1926. In fact, things like V-2 (A-4) rockets and the Saturn V rockets used a similar fuel pumping system. That Goddard used in 1926. So Wernher von Braun didn't invent liquid fuel rockets. But then we must remember that in the 1970's things like space shuttles were science fiction. Things like hypersonic flight in the atmosphere were hype in the 1990's and today there are plans for making hypersonic aircraft.
The hypersonic shuttle can use scramjet engines in the atmosphere. Then the iris at the front of the scramjet will close. And the system starts to pump internal oxygen to those engines. That can make the new types of space shuttles possible. When we think about advances in rocketry we must realize that the Musk's SpaceX Starship project has one problem. Musk's Starship is so noisy. The next revolution can be the airplane that can raise airborne from regular airports. Fly to the edge of space. And then launch their rocket engines.
But then to the interstellar and interplanetary journeys. The fact is that the safety of nuclear rockets is problematic. There is the possibility of making interplanetary probes that use things like an antimatter-cathode engine. That engine creates anti-electrons called positrons in the particle accelerators that are connected to its solar panels. The other track drives electrons against those positrons.
The system can inject some propellant like hydrogen, water, or hydrocarbon into the combustion chamber. Those systems can open our path to the entire solar system. But stars are too far for us. As we have seen from history. Technology advances very fast. And maybe our grandchildren can make the interstellar probes possible.
Advanced robotics and AI make it possible to create unmanned systems that can travel hundreds of years. Those systems can travel to other solar systems in time when their creators already die when they arrive. Then sooner or later we or our descendants must make the choice. Will they die when the sun grows into a red giant? Or will they travel into the other solar systems? Or maybe they can create a system that allows them to transport themselves into the past? That system can be the large-scale Tipler cylinders. But who knows the future?
The new biomimetic robots are awesome tools. They can deliver medicines precisely into the wanted cells. Or they can cut the targeted cells into pieces. The problem with those robot's medical use is in their control system. The medical robot must select the targets with a very high accuracy.
The small-size robots can look like liquid mass. But that mass includes billions of independently operating robots that can carry miniaturized microchips. Those microchips create the network in that mass. Another way is to create artificial bacteria that uses artificial DNA as the program that allows it to find the right cells.
The system can use the DNA bites that make the immune cells find harmful cells and then those DNA bites can also injected into the basils that can help those immune cells. Those hybrid organisms must have a self-destruction trigger in the DNA that orders them to die. Those genetically engineered cells can also produce medicals in the human body.
Miniature robots can also carry things like cloned cells. Into the right points. The system can change the DNA in those cells. That transforms their nature immediately.
New microrobots with liquid structures are tools that can revolutionize medical technology. Those robots can travel into the targeted cells or close blood vessels that transport nutrients to tumors, denying them the ability to receive nutrients. The liquid robots can also close poisonous molecules inside them and remove those poisons from their bodies. However, liquid robots can also operate in many other places.
Those robots can also close leaks in the tubes. And they can clean organic and non-organic structures. Those robots' flexibility allows them to transport microchips into the right places.
So they can also act as spying tools. They can cover some areas. And when something puts pressure on those microchips. They can send information to the support station. That kind of technology those microchips form the morphing neural network.
Can give those robots a very high-power computing power. In the wrong hands, those liquid robots are the most dangerous tools in the world. They can slip into the targeted person's body and close blood vessels.
"Animation of how the micro swimmer is coated with magnetic nanoparticles and how it swims in water and viscous liquids. Credit: MPI-IS" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Create Microscopic Algae Robots With Incredible Swimming Abilities)
The new algae robots are also incredible tools. They can be microchip or DNA-controlled. The system can also have hybrid control. There the microchip turns the DNA plasmids into the right position. The ability to create synthetic DNA makes those robots very effective. They can find certain cells and transport medicines to those cells.
Magnetic microalgae have the ability to operate in the human body. Those systems are hybrid things that contain non-organic and organic materials. The hybrid biomimetic robot that connects miniature submarines and living organisms can be a new tool for destroying non-wanted cells The human nervous system can communicate with those biomimetic robots.
Those systems can also have microchips that take commands from the outside systems. The magnetic structure in those robots can act as an array. Those algae robots can also have the ability to produce electricity themselves if those cells have the genome that makes them create electricity. Those systems require electricity in their microchips.
