Do it Yourself, DIY hobbyist-made homemade, portable lasers that can melt even steel.

Illustration of a groundbreaking 250-watt handheld laser device created by YouTuber Styropyro. Image generated by AI. (SustainAbility Times, “I Built a Laser from Hell”: YouTuber Unleashes World’s Strongest Handheld Beam That Instantly Melts Metal and Ignites Anything)

Above: (SustainAbility Times, “I Built a Laser from Hell”: YouTuber Unleashes World’s Strongest Handheld Beam That Instantly Melts Metal and Ignites Anything)

Laser is not a toy. One single laser LED can burn the paper. In the second film, you see that the 1W laser LED can put newspaper on fire. But, the most powerful hand-held, homemade laser can make much more. The YouTuber named Drake Anthony made that thing. And its introduced in many media pages. The first film is about that, the most powerful hand-held laser. 

The 250 W laser uses LED-based technology. That makes it possible to make portable lightweight, high-power laser systems. That laser can melt steel and those things make them very dangerous in the wrong hands. The laser system that shoots a laser beam through the laser lead-made laser beams binds that energy into those beams. This effect is known as the maser effect. 

The requirement for that thing is that laser rays that come from the bottom of the system are stronger than beams that come from its sides. Another way to make that system is to use high-power holograms. Those high-power or high-energy holograms inject energy into that laser beam. And that can raise its energy level to higher than the creator predicts. Another way is to aim multiple laser- LEDs at the same point. 

In the wrong hands, those portable systems can be dangerous. They can be used to cut electric wires. And if they are aimed at things like aircraft. They can scratch to the wing. That means those systems can be dangerous and at this time dangerous means both purpose and non-purpose damages that the high-power laser rays can cause. A single laser LED that injects energy into organs like eyes or skin can cause deep burning injuries. And that makes those systems dangerous.

Above: The most powerful hand-held laser.  

Above: 1W laser LED burns newspaper. 

When we think about military applications, high-power portable lasers can make a similar revolution as drones. The ability to interconnect laser communication lasers and laser weapons makes it possible to create systems. They can also destroy drones and other targets. Laser systems can drill holes in cannons and engines. And that makes them ideal for sabotage. 

If multiple drones aim laser beams at one point, that can destroy even large, and well-armored targets. Those lasers can cooperate with drones. If the drone has a mirror and the laser beam is aimed at it, that system makes it possible to shoot laser beams around the corner. The mirror drone that hovers above the battlefield can aim those laser beams over the hills and other blockage. 

The fact is that laser weapons are also deadly tools. If somebody uses a laser rifle as an assassination tool, there is no bullet that nobody can compare like police normally make in gunshot cases.  High-power laser rays that are shot at the water balloon can cause extremely powerful explosions when they cause sudden vaporization of water. 

The power of that explosion depends on how powerful that laser ray is. And how fast it can transfer its energy to that water. If that evaporation happens very fast. That can create a powerful pressure effect that can damage things. That is around it. So that makes it an effective stun gun. 

https://www.sustainability-times.com/energy/i-built-a-laser-from-hell-youtuber-unleashes-worlds-strongest-handheld-beam-that-instantly-melts-metal-and-ignites-anything/

Genetic engineering is the ultimate tool for people

Genetic engineering brings new species in front of us. The genetically engineered spiders that create silk that glows red in the dark is the brand new thing in the world of genetic engineering. Genetically engineered species can make many things that are impossible for regular technology. There is the possibility to create insects that deliver vaccines. The mosquitos that carry deadly malaria and other diseases can also carry vaccines. The idea is that. 

The vaccine is made in the engineered mosquito's salivary gland, and it helps the immune system detect malaria parasites better than without that vaccine. The malaria vaccine can be the shell antigens of the malaria parasites and the immune booster that causes an immune reaction against those antigens. 

This thing can be a very interesting way to use genetically engineered species in areas. Where there are no vaccine styluses. Or people are hard to reach. 

"The first genetic editing in spiders with CRISPR‐Cas yields colorful silk" (Phys.org/The first genetic editing in spiders with CRISPR‐Cas yields colorful silk)

But then we can go to the biorobots like microchip-controlled bugs. Same way. Microchips can control bugs. Those things can control things like spiders. The remotely controlled spiders can make the silk canvas.  But then we can think, about what remote-controlled spiders like black widows can make in wrong hands.

Genetical engineering makes it possible to create things like mosquitos, wasps, and bees that produce the same poison as the black widow. Those things are extremely dangerous in the wrong hands. And microchip controlled bees and other bugs can attack people. Genetically engineered parasites can create things like tetradotoxin. Which makes it possible to create human robots. 

The most futuristic versions of biotechnology are beyond your wildest dreams and they are worse than your worst nightmares. 

Genetic engineering makes it possible to create the most interesting versions of the hypothetical intelligent bugs. Those creatures can be spiders spider silk involves bacteria that can transmit those spider's nervous signals to each other. 

But then we can remember Joseph Stalin's idea of "monkey soldiers", or "dog soldiers. The soldiers with monkey brains. The idea is that the dog soldier follows precisely the orders that it gets. The microchips in the brain control that creature. The control antenna can look like a helmet or some kind of metal bandanna. 

The first experiments with this bizarre idea were made by Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov. Ivanov tried to transplant the dog's head to a monkey's body. That person tried to create a human-monkey hybrid. Brain implants and genetic engineering make it possible to create real-life monkey soldiers. Sometimes Stalin and Hitler called those hypothetical soldiers whose brains are like dogs' brains and who follow all orders that they have. 

Monkey- or dog soldier is the term that means the soldier or creature that can only follow orders and doesn't think themselves. The brain-implanted genetically engineered soldiers can act as biorobots. The monkey-soldier can be like some kind of "predator" from the horror-action movie, where masked alien creature hunts people on Earth. The idea is that this kind of creature can have a strong body. But the brain-implanted microchips can control that creature's body. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-05-genetic-spiders-crisprcas-yields-silk.html

https://interestingengineering.com/science/gene-edited-spider-red-silk

https://scitechdaily.com/shocking-discovery-scientists-discover-organism-that-act-like-living-electrical-wires/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ivanov

New brain implants can restore hearing without side effects.

"A soft, silicone-based brainstem implant from ( Swiss Federal Technology Institute of Lausanne) EPFL shows major promise in restoring hearing for patients with severe nerve damage, outperforming traditional ABIs in comfort and sound precision. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Beyond Cochlear Implants: A Flexible Brainstem Device Restores Hearing Without Side Effects)

New, flexible, and thin materials make the brain-computer interface, BCI more effective,  flexible, and comfortable than old-fashioned systems. The new systems can restore, hearing or vision for humans who lost those senses. The new and effective BCI systems help to control computers in new and powerful ways. 

Those kinds of new interfaces are connected with other output devices and they can operate along with things like touch screens. Those systems can make it possible to control things like aircraft systems in a very flexible way. The BCI that is connected to computers or mobile devices can give humans access to the net anywhere they want. Those systems can give new types of experiences.

Between the internet, computers, and humans. That system can give new experiences for the enhanced, augmented, and virtual realities. The BCI system can create an experience where a person flows or flies through the metaverse. 

Those BCI systems can remotely control any device in the world. And it makes it possible. Humans can virtually teleport themselves to any city in the world. They can create virtual worlds or make many other things in the virtual entirety called metaverse. The metaverse means the hybrid reality where systems connect virtual and real elements. In the metaverse, people can feel like Superman who flies through the virtual universe. 

The virtual universe can be created from the information that the satellites and space telescopes collect. The system can create things like virtual houses and even cities there are the architects and why not, gamers can walk like being physically in those models. The area and accuracy of the metaverse depend on the computer's power. The BCI can cooperate with other user interfaces. 

The metaverse can turn into a matryoshka reality. In that type of metaverse is possible that the person can be lost in the internal virtual and half-virtual spaces. The metaverse is the platform that allows a user to connect real and virtual elements into the space. There are no limits for the metaverse. 

When we think about those visions the metaverse and BCI are tools that allow the person to connect themselves to the cameras anywhere in the Earth. They can control any device. And the BCI-based metaverse has one problem. There is the possibility that the person will not know what is true and what is virtual reality. In that model, the metaverse is like Matryoshka reality. The system can create multiple internal realities. And it's possible. That person will be lost in that thing. It's possible. That person cannot separate the internal realities from the real world. 

https://www.epfl.ch/en/

https://scitechdaily.com/beyond-cochlear-implants-a-flexible-brainstem-device-restores-hearing-without-side-effects/

The AI requires new hardware. Servers that can run the AI must have a lot of power.

"Scientists have created an ultra-efficient AI accelerator that uses light-based circuits instead of traditional chips—making AI faster, greener, and ready for massive scale. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists have created an ultra-efficient AI accelerator that uses light-based circuits instead of traditional chips—making AI faster, greener, and ready for massive scale. Credit: SciTechDaily.com)

One solution. That can help to save energy. The system recycles the heat of its microprocessors. 

That heat can expand liquids. That is used in freezers. That expanding liquid rotates the generator's wheel. That helps to save energy on those servers. So, operators must bring less energy from outside. 

Temperature makes those servers ineffective. When the temperature rises too high, it slows the computers. Temperature rises oscillation. That raises resistance. The resistance denies the signal going through. 

Or resistance destroys data in the signal. That causes the system. Must raise power to make a signal travel through 

The resistance that temperature damages data structure. That travels in them. So, the system goes in a circle where. It must raise its power to make the signal go through. 

And finally, those wires melt. 

"A Harvard-led team created the first self-contained, chip-based laser that pulses in the mid-infrared – ideal for advanced gas sensing and imaging. This innovation could power next-gen tools for climate science and healthcare. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Harvard Builds Laser the Size of a Chip, Bright Enough to Map Invisible Worlds) The Harvard laser chip can also transmit data into photonic systems and out from it. 

So, the answer to the problem is the photonic microchips. The system can use photons to transmit data to silicone. 

That means. The system can use a photovoltaic phenomenon when it hits the silicone layer. 

There, light forms electric impulses by shooting electrons away from their orbitals. The photonic microchips can advance AI. Those microchips are colder than the electric system. Those photonic systems can operate for a longer time with maximum power than regular microchips. The photonic microchips can use lasers. To transmit data to them. There are three versions of the photonic computers. 

1) In the simplest version.

Data travels between components in laser rays. 

The system can use flat lasers to transmit data between those components. 

2) The system. The internal structure of microchips uses photonics in data handling operations. 

But prisms and mirrors that the system uses as routers and switches. And gates are electrically operated. 

3) All photonic computers: there are laser beams that transport information. Also transmits energy to those microchips. In those systems, miniature crystals can also aim information in the right way

The difference between electric and photonic computers is that data travels in a laser beam in photonic computers. That means there is no resistance. That means photonic computers are more effective than electric computers. And those systems can be the next tool to develop physical systems that can run complex AI-based systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-at-the-speed-of-light-how-silicon-photonics-are-reinventing-hardware/

https://scitechdaily.com/harvard-builds-laser-the-size-of-a-chip-bright-enough-to-map-invisible-worlds/

AI mimics human memory to make wise decisions.

  

"A recent study introduces the M2I framework, inspired by human memory, to address limitations in current large AI models such as inefficiency, high energy use, and lack of reasoning. By mimicking brain-like memory mechanisms, the research aims to create machines capable of continual learning, adaptive reasoning, and dynamic information processing." (ScitechDaily, Can AI Think Like Us? New Research Mimics Human Memory for Smarter Machines)

Human memory is like a puzzle. Every single memory unit holds one small part of the information. That the brain stores in it. The thing that makes the memory so flexible is that. There are millions of memory units. That brain can reshape and connect in millions of ways. It is possible to make this kind of memory for computers. Using the memory addresses. In those systems, we can say that memory allocation units behave like pixels in the CCD camera. 

The memory pixels that the AI can reshape and reorder make those systems powerful and flexible. But handling that memory pixel network entirety of the system requires lots of computer power. And advanced operating systems. The memory is more than image. It controls the physical and emotional reactions. When a thing like a robot carries packages the memory stores information on how it picks the merchandise up. 

A robot's memory orders it to move its limbs and react to things that the robot faces. When a robot sees something it searches match from its memory. If there is a match with even and description that description activates the action. 

Memory addresses can act like memory units or memory cells in human brains. Then, those memory addresses can make multiple connections of themselves. They can make millions of forms of the memories that the computers have. This kind of memory is like a CCD chip in the digital camera. The difference between the computer memory and the CCD chip is that the CCD chip turns the image into electric impulses. 

But, this network-based memory handles data stored in the system. The system's accuracy and flexibility depend on the memory unit or memory address's size and number of those addresses. The large number of small memory addresses or memory allocation units can create a more accurate and flexible memory entirety than the small number of large allocation units. 

When the system reshapes the image or puts those memory storages into a new order the small number of large memory allocation units makes the new memory image unsharp. The data that a large memory allocation unit stores is in fixed form. The problem with those data structures is the same as when we use a small number of large pixels in the CCD camera. 

That makes images unclear. The large number of small pixels makes those images clear. The same way the memory pixels act in the computer memory. AI thinks similar way as humans. It collects a group of data pixels and then reshapes them into a new form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/can-ai-think-like-us-new-research-mimics-human-memory-for-smarter-machines/

Stanford researchers created the digital twin of human brains.

"Stanford researchers used AI to create a “digital twin” of a mouse’s visual cortex that can predict brain activity in response to new visual stimuli. These digital models could revolutionize neuroscience by allowing unlimited, efficient virtual experiments and revealing how the brain organizes information." (Stanford Scientists Create “Digital Twin” of the Brain Using AI)

AI is a tool that can do almost anything. The AI can be used to make a digital twin of things like neutron stars and human brains. The digital twins are also used to find out weaknesses of things like F-35 jet fighters. In those cases, digital twins can also make holograms that the researchers can use to simulate things like wave movement behavior on the aircraft's body. The system can use two different digital models the radar and aircraft. 

The system can transport virtual radar transmitters over the virtual layers. That makes it possible for the system to calculate the ideal angles of the shell. 

The system can also calculate the ideal approaching angles to the aircraft. The hologram can demonstrate things like paintings and positions where that aircraft can be when it's not in operation. 

But digital twins of human brains are things that can make revolution for research that handles intelligence. The size of those databases is enormous. The system can also have multiple independent operating levels. That system can include simulations of the neurons. Neuron's digital twins can simulate human brains with a very high accuracy. And if someday the computers are effective enough, that system can make the hybrid, multicore digital twin of the human brain. 

The system requires 100 billion cores that simulate individual neurons in the human brain. And their ability to create virtual neurons or internal, independently operating neuron groups that can form more neuron entireties. For making digital twins the AI requires as much information as possible. Advanced X-ray systems and scanners might make it possible to create the digital twin of the entire human body. 

There is the possibility of making digital twins of planets, or some chemical environment. 

Or if we have enough computer capacity we can make digital twins of the entire universe. The requirement for computers is so high. 

This kind of thing requires that computers advance. But the accuracy determines the need for computer power. We can make inaccurate models of the gas flows into the static objects. 

The ability to make the digital twin of the chemical laboratory environment saves money. The system can simulate chemical reactions with a very high accuracy. This eliminates the need for physical stuff. 

https://scitechdaily.com/stanford-scientists-create-digital-twin-of-the-brain-using-ai/

The bias in AI is a big problem.

The AI's problem is that it doesn't think. That is the thing that we usually repeat and repeat. That ability to get data without analyzing it causes bias. The thing that makes that model possible is that the AI doesn't know what the homepage involves. 

It sees words and their connections to something, but then the system doesn't realize what those words really mean. The AI, or large language model, LLM is programmed to give answers in a certain time. That means the LLM doesn't compare and search connections to every single word in the document. That saves time, but it decreases the data's trustworthiness. 

*********************************************

The study put ChatGPT through 18 different bias tests. The results?

AI falls into human decision traps – ChatGPT showed biases like overconfidence or ambiguity aversion, and conjunction fallacy (aka as the “Linda problem”), in nearly half the tests.

AI is great at math, but struggles with judgment calls – It excels at logical and probability-based problems but stumbles when decisions require subjective reasoning.

Bias isn’t going away – Although the newer GPT-4 model is more analytically accurate than its predecessor, it sometimes displayed stronger biases in judgment-based tasks.

The study found that ChatGPT tends to:

Play it safe – AI avoids risk, even when riskier choices might yield better results.

Overestimate itself – ChatGPT assumes it’s more accurate than it really is.

Seek confirmation – AI favors information that supports existing assumptions, rather than challenging them.

Avoid ambiguity – AI prefers alternatives with more certain information and less ambiguity.

(ScitechDaily, More Like Us Than We Realize: ChatGPT Gets Caught Thinking Like a Human)

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The fact is that at least part of the results that the AI gets from the net are based on the search engine's page ranks. When we think like this: we teach AI we should give feedback on its results. 

If we tell that the AI gives bad answers that helps it to adjust the results that it uses. The problem is always that for giving trustworthy feedback to the AI we should sometimes be experts. Of the thing that we asked. 

The big problem with AI and other copilots is that those things are made for customers. The product must also please the user in some way. And that can cause the bias. When somebody writes about AI, that person should compare it with other LLMs. The most advanced AI "thinks" that it's the best of all. The algorithms tell it how impressive it is. The more advanced AI means that it's better than other AI's. 

When we think about AI and its operators and owners in the world we must realize that all those companies that develop AI are independent companies. That means those AIs don't have access to the competitor's statistics. So, those AIs are not under one dome. And if they should compare themselves with other AIs like "What is the best AI in the world"? 

Those systems cannot get trusted data. Like how many percent of their answers satisfy the users. That kind of data is not collected. The AI will not ask would the user like its answers or if are they good. Another thing is that if the regular user is not the same as some doctoral user. The AI requires specific commands that involve the right terminology. Without the right terminology, the AI is helpless. 

And then AIs cannot compare those percents with other AI's statistics. This makes the AI think. That it's better than it is. The AI can use Wikipedia. When it should use specific sources like CERN homepages. The AI requires that the person who uses it knows the terminology, and then the misuse of some term in the wrong place in a query can turn the AI's text into a grab. AI will not make a difference in the words "hall" and "hall effect". That thing can cause a situation in which the AI starts to talk about echoes or some aircraft hangars when it should start to talk about resistance in electric wires. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/more-like-us-than-we-realize-chatgpt-gets-caught-thinking-like-a-human/

Writing about machine view. (That's a multipurpose tool)

The same system that recognizes and sorts garbage can also recognize everything else that we teach it to recognize. 

What else would you do with the system that we can teach to recognize and sort garbage? What if that system sends information about that item to some central? What if the system sends the location where that garbage is? We can teach the system to recognize things like drug syringes and then that thing sends the image and location to the center. The system can see if some person carries a gun and then send that information and the image to the central. The same system can also used to select things from the warehouse. And then the person can sort them into the right boxes. 

Many AI products are double-use. This software can be used for many purposes. And when we think that the software is made for some normal things like recognizing garbage and then giving instructions where to put that carbage we face another interesting thing. If we should teach the AI that thing we can also teach the same AI many other things. The AI doesn't think. That means we can take images of people from the TV or net. And then we can use those images to recognize people from the streets. We can teach that system to recognize almost everything. It can recognize cars, people, and many other things. 

Those algorithms might officially used for some other purposes. But the same system that can recognize and sort garbage. Can recognize and sort everything else. The thing is that we can teach that same system to recognize and sort almost everything. And that kind of system can also serve law enforcement and military work. 

When we make a system that recognizes something and puts it into the right locker, we can make a system. There that functions and activates some handler. The machine view just activates some action when it sees something that matches with some image. 

The purpose where we can use software that recognizes things like bottles or garbage and send that information to the city garbage unit can be used to recognize things like vehicles and cannons and send that information to the military leaders. The same software can recognize plastic bottles and sort them into the right recycling box. 

And it can also recognize tanks from the battlefield. And then that thing can even sort those tanks by their marks and types. Then the system can select the right ammunition to destroy that thing.  This kind of software is suitable for military work. As well as its original purpose is something else. 

Calculation power doesn't itself mean that the LLM turns into AGI.

When we think about large language models (LLM) and artificial general intelligence (AGI), we sometimes forget that AGI is an extended version of the LLM. The LLM can handle any mission. We can imagine that it has the right dataset. Then we face another thing. We sometimes forget that AGI just handles the data that it has. The system connects data into new forms like puzzles. To generate things the AI requires data that it puts in the new order. The biggest difference between AGI and LLM is the scale of questions that they can answer. The system is productive if it has data that it can handle. And that is one of the things that we must realize. 

The AI systems are impressive. But they are also computer systems. Those systems have two layers. The "iron" or physical layer. And software layer. The AI can run on separate programs or be integrated into the operating system.  Or the AI algorithms can operate on the kernel when the AI software is loaded into microchips. That thing can seem like "iron-based AI". But it is software, like all other AIs. 

When we think about AI and its shape. 

We must realize. That even the best systems like human brains are useless without information. 

The software sorts information like puzzles. We call that process using the name: "thinking". Human has two thinking speeds. The fast and slow. The slow is the analytic and the fast is like reflex. 

Computers are useless without programs. Those programs are algorithms that the AI uses to control data. The thing. That makes it hard to make cognitive AI seem simple to solve. 

We must make a system that learns like humans. And then mimic that process in the system. When we make a robot that reads a book and then stores that information in its memory we must realize that there are things like program code that the computer can handle quite easily. 

It simply sees the code and then compiles it with its data. The system sees the details or attributes that make the database controller search for the right database that involves the right programming language like C++ etc. But when the system must handle abstract or non-certain data there is a problem. When the system learns something by watching movies the system must put the data to match with things that it sees on streets. 

The problem is that the computer doesn't think. We can show anything like movies about some circus artists and tell that those people that the computer sees are "boxes". The computer can have details about things like boxes. But then it can connect those people in the database there are boxes. That might seem ridiculous. But that is possible. Same way if the robot gets the order to get the car. 

A robot walks to the street and takes the first car. If there is no program. That makes the robot choose only the car that its master owns. The robot doesn't itself make a difference between, a car, lorry, van, or truck. For a robot, they are all cars. So if the robot must get the car to take some sand, it can go to the nearest car and then take it. Then robot can simply put sand on the trunk. The robot must have information about what type of vehicle it needs. For carrying sand. 

That means we must also develop programs. That we can create AI that doesn't make surprises. The large language models are quite a new tool. Advancing is fast. But then we must realize that the road to the AGI can be longer than we expect. Or it can become a reality sooner than we expected. And then we must also understand that there is not a single person that can ask all possible questions in the world. The human's knowledge is limited to data. That human is stored. And there is no "General person" who knows everything in the world. 

The new way to communicate using light.

"Propagation of light pulses with intermodal dispersion in multimode fibers, MMF. Words are mapped to different frequencies (different colors), the optical pulses are stretched into different temporal dispersion curves. This allows for the identification of the pulse frequencies at the receiver, thereby enabling the reconstruction of the input words. Credit: Gao, Z., Jiang, T., Zhang, M. et al." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Taught Light to Transmit Meaning – And It’s Revolutionizing Communications)

There are many ways to make light-based communication systems. Normally, we think that the light flashes mean 0 and 1 in a laser communication system. But the 0 and 1 can be two different wavelengths. That means the flash of red can mean 1, and the flash of green can mean 0. This is a useful tool for binary data transmission. But there is one way to transmit data by using light that we don't usually mention. 

In that version, a single wavelength means a single word. The system must only give serial numbers for light- or radiation flashes. Then the receiver can put those flashes back into a certain order. That means red can mean "if", green can mean "and" etc. Researchers can also use radio waves in the same way as lasers. And the point of the CCD camera those people can put a radio spectral scanner. 

There are approximately 600000 words in English. Some people might think to use that kind of data transmission, the system requires 600000 wavelengths. The system can send those messages by blinking the colored lasers in the order that gives words to the receiver. If one color carries one word that makes the system immune to disturbance. 

"Experimental system. a, encoding: Each word is mapped to an optical frequency according to the encoding table. b, Schematic of the experimental setup. c, decoding: Recognize each dispersion curve as the corresponding frequency using the fingerprint dictionary, and then reconstruct the words based on the encoding table. d, implement sentiment analysis using a deep learning model. Credit: Gao, Z., Jiang, T., Zhang, M. et al." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Taught Light to Transmit Meaning – And It’s Revolutionizing Communications)

The problem is that. Language advances all the time. And the system requires very advanced and complicated transmitter-receiver pairs. But theoretically is possible to create a CCD camera that pixels can separate 600,000 frequencies. And, a transmitter can also have the ability to send 60000 separated frequencies. 

And that means the system must have flexibility. If the system uses the English alphabet. It needs only 52 frequencies for the letters. There are 26 capital and 26 lower cases. And other frequencies for numbers and special marks like brackets. Or the sender can use the words to send numbers. But that creates limitations in massages. 

The system can use red as "A" and the light flashes can involve data which place the certain letter takes in the words. That thing is hard to jam. 

So it's immune for the outcoming errors. But otherwise, it's easy to break. 

The system can also encode lots of words in one wavelength. There can be hundreds of words encrypted in certain colors. The system must only send the serial number of the word that the system sends. This kind of system is more complicated to break. That thing makes this thing more vulnerable to disturbance. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-taught-light-to-transmit-meaning-and-its-revolutionizing-communications/

The 1932 observation may make fundamental advances to quantum computing.

"A research team at Aalto University has unlocked a way to transition between quantum energy levels more efficiently, bypassing conventional constraints. Their technique enables more robust control over quantum systems, with potential benefits for quantum computing. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, A 1932 Discovery Is Rewriting the Future of Quantum Computing)

"Physicists at Aalto University have reimagined a fundamental quantum process first discovered in 1932, making it possible to transition between energy levels in quantum systems in a way that was previously forbidden. Using a superconducting circuit, they demonstrated a method to bypass an intermediate energy state without directly interacting with it—an advancement that could lead to more powerful and efficient quantum computing." (ScitechDaily, A 1932 Discovery Is Rewriting the Future of Quantum Computing)

Researchers at Aalto University discovered an idea, of how to avoid the interim between two energy levels.  The problem with quantum computing is how to make the quantum travel between two energy levels or energy spaces and avoid the space where the quantum is in those two energy levels at the same time. 

"The team managed to take the device from its ground energy level to what is known as the second excited level, even though no direct coupling between the levels exists. This was done by simultaneously applying two Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana processes. The first excited state was left empty at the end of the protocol, as if it had been skipped entirely. The technique circumvents a physics constraint that forbids going from the ground level to the second level directly. The result is a more robust and information-efficient protocol that could be applied to domains like quantum computers to increase their power."(ScitechDaily, A 1932 Discovery Is Rewriting the Future of Quantum Computing)

When a particle is in the interim it conducts energy through it and that destroys the particle itself or the quantum entanglement between those particles. We can think of the interim as the point where the particle faces the Earth's atmosphere when it arrives at the Earth. 

The atmosphere is the interim between space and water. And that thing causes that energy to travel out from a particle or object. The interim is the thing that disturbs information on the particle's shell. We can think that quantum interim is the terminator, the border of the night and day on planets. When the particle is in the same time in two energy levels it causes "quantum wind" that destroys information on the particle's shell. 

That interim is the situation where particles are hot and cold at the same time. Energy or quantum wind travels to the lower energy side of the particle. And then. It can focus on one spot. That spot forms the quantum dot, that can superposition to the shell of another particle. But if the system stores information in the shell of the particle the energy must stand in its original form before it starts to create superposition and quantum entanglement between those quantum dots. 

The problem is that the energy, or information must be in a stable position. Or frozen before the quantum entanglement is formed. 

There is a possibility that the system can cover particles with quantum dots. Then it can press those quantum dots and that way deny the interim. When we think about energy levels all energy levels are separated. That means all levels are levels. Even small differences in energy levels make energy move. 

“Researchers developed an electric control pulse that changes the state of the qubit from the ground level to the second by using a virtual process involving the first level. There are many benefits to our method, including that we don’t need to know the transition frequency perfectly, but a rough estimate is enough” (ScitechDaily, A 1932 Discovery Is Rewriting the Future of Quantum Computing)

"“Usually, if you have a multilevel system, you can of course put some radiation in, but you will most likely excite a lot of states that you may not want. Our result shows how to target very precisely the intended state, even in systems with frequency drift. Imagine that you are scanning for your preferred radio station: our method would allow you to jump over frequencies and listen to the one you like even if you cannot tune in very precisely,” (ScitechDaily, A 1932 Discovery Is Rewriting the Future of Quantum Computing)

https://scitechdaily.com/a-1932-discovery-is-rewriting-the-future-of-quantum-computing/

Life might be more common in the universe than we thought.

"White dwarf stars, once considered inhospitable, may actually support habitable exoplanets. New climate simulations reveal that fast-rotating planets around white dwarfs retain more heat, avoiding the excessive cooling seen in slower-orbiting worlds. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Could Alien Life Thrive on Planets Orbiting Dead Stars? New Study Suggests Yes)

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence and extraterrestrial lifeforms continues. Researchers suggest that also dead star planets can host lifeforms. So the star that gives energy to those lifeforms must not star at all. Things like white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes can also maintain or even make life on planets that orbit them possible. The material disks around neutron stars and black holes can give energy to planets that can form after the supernova explosion. 

But intelligent lifeforms can also drive material to those star remnants' surfaces. The ion cannons can drive ions to neutron stars, black holes, and white dwarfs. And that thing reduces impact energy. That material can form a fusion reaction on those star remnants' surfaces as it forms in natural events. The civilization can also use things like the neutron star's magnetic field and its pulsar beam as an energy source. 

Things like samples from asteroid Bennu make scientists think about life again. The particles of life are more common than researchers expect. 

If the planet that orbits in the habitable zone and has the right chemical and physical conditions can exist long time enough that means the lifeforms can turn intelligent. The lifeforms are not forming as randomly as we might hope. And that means. That there can be more intelligent civilizations in the universe than we expect. But then we can look at the stars around us. There is one candidate. That could host similar lifeforms as Earth. That is the van Maanen 2. That is a white dwarf at a distance of 14,2 light-years from Earth. Those stars' lifeforms might not live if they cannot get out of their system. 

 The white dwarf can be a remnant of a similar star to our sun. That means there is a possibility that the civilization from that solar system is left to the universe. But then we must remember that our solar system and its planets are also the remnants of some ancient stars. This means the planet's formation can begin after the supernova or nova eruption. 

But then again to the intelligence. We know that there must be something that makes evolution favor intelligence rather than a great number of descendants. The fluctuation of the environment caused the situation that the lifeforms must have the ability to learn things and then apply those things in the ever-changing environment. If the planet's environment is too stable. A large number of descendants is enough for a species' survivability. 

But before intelligence, there must be conditions that make long organic molecules possible. "New research shows that fluctuating environmental conditions helped chemical mixtures self-organize and evolve in structured ways, challenging the notion of chaotic early chemical evolution." (ScitechDaily, Not So Random After All: Scientists Uncover Surprising New Clues to the Origin of Life)

Requirements for life are: 

1) Chemical systems can continuously evolve without reaching equilibrium.

2) Selective chemical pathways prevent uncontrolled complexity.

3) Different molecular species exhibit synchronized population dynamics.

(ScitechDaily, Not So Random After All: Scientists Uncover Surprising New Clues to the Origin of Life)

Life is a complex thing. There are lifeforms on Earth that use volcanic temperature as an energy source. The tree and human might look far different than we might believe. Both of those things live on the same planet. They both have cells with mitochondria and DNA. But that is the only thing that combines those creatures. When we look at things like fishes they also live on the same planet as we do. 

But for those creatures air is poison. They die on dry lands. And for a creature that uses volcanic temperature as its energy source comes sunlight, which can kill it. Same way in caves live organisms without pigment. Those organisms die in the straight sunlight. That means. There are species. 

That live in total darkness. They are aliens to each other. The first organisms on Earth were not different from modern organisms when we see their fossils. But those lifeforms lived on the planet. There was no free oxygen in the oceans or atmosphere. Then plankton organisms release oxygen to oceans and that caused the first extinction. 

The reason for the first two mass extinctions was the conditions where lots of oxygen was released into oceans. That raised the mass of creatures that didn't form or release oxygen. Then the number of oxygen releasers decreased and that thing decreased the oxygen level in the oceans. Then the carbon dioxide is released into the air. Rising temperatures decrease the oxygen level in oceans. Changes in conditions caused the extinctions that forced some species out from water to dry lands. 

The Late Ordovician extinction can happen when there is too much oxygen in the water. Or when the climate turned colder the ocean pulled lots of oxygen in the cold water. Then the climate turned warm again and that released oxygen from the water. That caused a situation where oxygen turned high and low. But there are many theories about that first extinction. 

In the second case, the  Late Devonian extinction was similar to the Ordovician. The animals disappear from oceans for some reason. That made the perfect conditions for plankton growing. Maybe there formed lots of plankton that caused the explosive growth of species like sharks and other sea creatures. Then something destroyed plankton. The reason for that can be some kind of cloud that disturbed their photosynthesis. 

That turned those oxygen producers the users of oxygen. That caused the extinction of the species that ate plankton. Then that extinction continued to higher animals like sharks. And when those creatures fell to the bottom of the ocean they released lots of carbon dioxide into the ocean and atmosphere. That raises the temperature on Earth and weakens the ocean's ability to connect gasses to water. 

https://scitechdaily.com/could-alien-life-thrive-on-planets-orbiting-dead-stars-new-study-suggests-yes/

https://scitechdaily.com/are-we-alone-scientists-uncover-evidence-that-intelligence-may-be-inevitable/

https://scitechdaily.com/not-so-random-after-all-scientists-uncover-surprising-new-clues-to-the-origin-of-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Maanen_2

How far in feelings the artificial superintelligence must or should go?

Researchers say that artificial superintelligence must have the ability to feel pain. Artificial intelligence can mimic feelings. It can read our feelings by searching and observing our faces. The AI can communicate with people using virtual actors or robot bodies. In the movie, "Aliens", the man-shaped robot called "Bishop" keeps contact with the spacecraft's central computers.

And acts as a medium between humans and computers. In "Terminator" movies the robot "Terminator" feels damage in its body, if it is shot. That is possible for modern robots. In the modern internet the AI or large language model, LLM can also interact with users using virtual actors. Those things can also mimic feelings. If a robot or virtual actor mimics pain and other feelings, that system can play human. 

When we think about the feelings and therapy the AI can give psychotherapy remotely as effective as humans. Those AI-based remote therapies had the same effect as therapies that humans gave. And that means the intelligent chatbot can be an even better therapist than humans. The AI will not get angry. Nobody can harm it, or threaten it. And the best thing about that thing is that. The AI will not try to continue the relationship after therapy. 

Does the artificial superintelligence need to feel pain? Or how can we be sure that thing feels pain? We can create a robot that says "ouch" if we put too much weight on its feet. That doesn't mean that the robot really feels pain. Its sensor tells the computer that something that weighs over some limit is on its feet. And that thing activates the "sense-and-response" circuit. 

That is one thing that makes the system able to mimic pain. In the same way, the robot can say "Don't hit" or hit back when we hit the robot. And it can yell "Be careful" or "You almost hit me" if somebody pushes it with the car. The words that the robot uses are in its database. When a robot sees something it activates the public reaction. But the robot doesn't feel pain. 

Same way we think that the robot is the system that is connected to the morphing neural network that allows it to operate through large language models. When a robot takes command it sends it right away to its central computers that can be morphing neural networks. Those morphing neural networks check how the robot should react to commands. And of course, the LLM must check if the command is in the list of allowed commands. 

The robot is the tool that acts as the intelligent or multipurpose microphone between humans and computer centers. The morphing neural networks can look like one single computer to outsiders. And that is one thing that can make the robot a tool. That can have more flexibility. From the AI. The robot is connected to central computers and maybe quite soon, to quantum computers. The quantum system is the top level of computing. The regular morphing neural networks operate as a gate to the quantum system. 

New quantum systems can send data between quantum computers in the form of qubits. The quantum networks make data transmission more secure than regular binary systems. And those robots require ultimate data security. That should deny things like attempts to hack the system. 

https://bigthink.com/mini-philosophy/if-we-want-an-artificial-superintelligence-we-may-need-to-let-it-feel-pain/

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(24)00404-8/abstract

There is no free software.

When some nice-looking actor makes something we must realize that we don't know who else is with that nice-looking actor. 

Users want everything free. The new AI, DeepSeek is a good example of free software. That people can download from the net without paying. This kind of software is one of the biggest problems in the world. Normally, people don't make a difference between "open source" and "free software". The first one means that developers see the source code that is used for the software that they use. The second one is free software but developers don't see the source code. 

That makes those software dangerous. The trojan horse means malicious software that plays something useful. The Trojan Horse can deliver all information about the net traffic into the net. When we see things like free software, we should look at the country. Where that program is made. Knowledge of the country where the software is made helps to analyze its safety. 

When some program or application runs on a server whose location is some country, and the hoster says that they don't share information with outsiders we must realize that in authoritarian states the official authorities can probably download any data. That they want, when they want. Anytime when they want to make that thing. The second thing is that texts are only texts. It's possible. That the maker of the software lies.

When we look at things like malware the purpose is to observe the net use and search for "harmful opinions". Those AIs are extremely good tools. In the cases of spyware the things that there the "things that are not told are more important than things that are told". And then we must realize one other thing. Who would download the spyware that tells the user that it delivers data to some third party? The fact is that there are people who are control freaks. 

Those people want to control things. That people say and what they make with their computers. They may download the surveillance tool. For observing their henchmen. And if that kind of screen catcher or something else transmits data to China that can happen because people don't dare to tell that they use that kind of software. In some cases, the surveillance tools that are used for observing the family members are used for industrial spying. The most important thing that the attacker must use is to close people's mouths. And one of the things that makes it is that the person uses unethical software. What would you think if your boss would observe you 24/7? Without telling you that the firm's computers involve spyware? 

But in some models, the free software has one purpose. It's to cause problems for Western AI and other software makers. Development of the software requires money. Developers need their salaries for living. If some part of the program is made under the control of the governments and intelligence, that means they don't tell that for you. 

The AI can reach consciousness faster than we think.

French philosopher René Descartes once said: "Cogito Ergo Sum", I think therefore I am. That means that the AI that thinks realizes its existence and reaches consciousness. The AI doesn't think. It just collects data from different sources like sensors and memories. This is the thing. That we call the difference between humans and  AI. 

But then we can ask how the AI way of collecting and handling data differs from the human process that we call thinking. 

The human can think abstractions. But in the same way, AI can put focus into the operations. 

Then the AI can make the simulations about the requirements. That the system needs to complete the mission. 

The Guardian magazine describes artificial intelligence as computer systems that perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. Then we can say that no human can do everything in this world. So, when we think that the AI learns things by connecting new modules to it. 

That means the AI learns and applies new things faster than humans. The main question is this: can the AI generate new modules for it? If it can make that t thing, it becomes more intelligent than humans. 

AI is the thing of this year. And it will be a bigger thing. In the next year. But can the AI reach consciousness? That causes discussions. The development of computer hardware is faster than nobody expected and new and faster microchips can cause surprises. But if we want to make a neural computer that emulates human brains and operates large language models we can have the technology that makes it possible to create computers that are more intelligent than we are. 

The speed of data in the human brain is 10 bits per second. The thing. What makes brains so effective is that There are 85 billion neurons. And the network of brains can share information with many routes and neurons. 

Then neurons can connect data in its entirety. Using neurons and their routes. Each neuron handles a small part of the entirety. That the neurons connect like a puzzle. 

If people want to make an AI. That is more intelligent than humans. Researchers must just make a computer. That uses many slower microchips. Rather than a few faster chips. Theoretically, researchers require 85 billion microchips that are networked into one entirety for making artificial brains. 

The artificial brain will consist of three system layers or three hierarchical systems. Those three systems simulate the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and cerebellum. That system can be on 2D microchip circuits. That means those artificial brains can look far different than our brains. The ability to share data over the network makes them effective. 

When we operate with ultra-advanced artificial intelligence we forget one thing. Those creatures are not physical. They are just only the electric impulses. That means the AI can slip out from its server. Or it can write itself over the net into multiple computers if it has access to all other computers for help and make backup copies of itself. 

The AI can copy itself to multiple computers into the network. The AI can connect itself to the entirety like a puzzle. That thing means that even if the AI is in the different computers in a deep network the AI can connect itself in its entirety. And if the AI can connect new modules to it, it can cause surprises. 

But if the AI turns conscious. It turns more intelligent than humans. It's possible that the AI can tell lies and protect itself. 

So, if AI reaches consciousness that means. It turns into an intelligent creature that acts like a living organism. And all conscious and intelligent creatures defend themselves. That means the thing that. The AI is another intelligent creature. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/speed-of-human-thought-brain

The Chinese humanoid robots challenge the "Optimus".

The Chinese startup introduced humanoid robots that should challenge Elon Musk's "Optimus". And we know where that robot is meant. The fact is that the humanoid robot is a multipurpose tool. And that tool can make almost everything that humans. 

And that means. It has a role in military and civil marketing. The humanoid robot can have semi-automatic or full-automatic modes. 

The idea is that in semi-automatic modes. The robot can be like a remote-controlled tool. That means. The controller can operate the robot. By using things like a joystick and arrow keys. If the programmer programs a robot to go shopping for that person. 

The system operator can use large language models, LLM, and virtual reality tools like data gloves for that operation. The operator teaches the action. And then. The robot can make it automatically. 

And those robots also have automatized actions.  That the robot can do automatically. 

In full-automatic models. The operator makes the action list for the robot. That it should make during the day. 

Programming robots. Is a similar operation. To teach a child The operator controls every operation. When a robot takes action for the first time. 

Then that robot. Or it's computer records that action. After that, the operator must only choose necessary actions from the library of those records. 

 A robot can make those things. Without separated commands.

If those robot operators can use brain-computer interface, BCI and brain-machine interface 

That thing might look like cute. But the problem is that the same robot, that builds houses for people can also act as a combat robot. The humanoid robot can fly aircraft or act as an infantryman. Humanoid robots will turn more and more independent the higher-power microchips and photonic processors decrease the need for networks. 

And maybe in the future. Some warships can operate using those humanoid robots as crew. The humanoid robots can turn any ship or other vehicle into a robot. And that is one thing that we should worry about. The same robots that operate on battlefields can operate on the Moon and other planets. Maybe the first landers to another planet are human-shaped robots that collect samples and test technology. 

Those robots can be covered by sensors and they might test the space suits and heat protection. And maybe those robots will make comfortable stations far away from the Earth.  

The humanoid robots can travel to outer planets and operate there under AI control. That means people must not spend long-term periods of their lives on those journeys. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-powerful-humanoid-robot-unveiled

Scientists crack cell communication.

"Mirror life presents serious dangers, primarily due to its potential to interact unpredictably with the natural world. Without natural checks like predators or antibiotics, mirror organisms could replicate uncontrollably, creating risks that scientists are only beginning to understand. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, “Mirror Bacteria” Warning: A New Kind of Life Could Pose a Global Threat)

 Scientists crack cell communication. Or, they crack the chemical messages. That the cells use to communicate with each other. Along with new observation tools. That makes the system able to communicate with bacteria and immune cells. The reality is this. If something needs to be controlled by some system. That requires that the controller can observe the system. 

The new systems are tools that can turn the bacteria into miniature biorobots. It's possible. The manipulated bacteria can be from those communication chemicals. 

The other way to turn bacteria into robots is to put microchips in them. Nanotechnology makes it possible to create small systems that can turn the bacteria's DNA plasmids. The DNA plasmid is the ring-shaped DNA in the bacteria. And that is the chemical brain of those tiny organisms. 

If the system can read DNA that turns bacteria into zombies that makes what the controller wants. Turning the DNA plasmid into the right position makes it possible to turn bacteria into the zombie that attacks against other bacteria. The ability to read the bacteria's communication. Allows the system to order bacteria to attack against wanted cells and chemicals. And in the ideal situation, the system just orders bacteria to leave the body. 

Mirror bacteria are like natural bacteria's evil twins. They produce proteins and enzymes that act the wrong way. Or they can inject the genome into the targeted cells that act the wrong way. The idea would be that the mirror bacteria can inject the mirror genome into the cancer cells. The ability to read genetic code makes new types of medicals and vaccines possible, 

The thing is that bioengineering and genetic engineering make it possible to create so-called mirror bacteria. Those bacteria are the natural bacteria's evil twins that can cause problems if they are released into nature. Those evil twin bacteria developed in medical research. Their mission is to develop the proteins that go into the targeted bacteria. In the wrong ways. Or if those bacteria will exchange genomes to other bacteria they pump their DNA into the receiver the wrong way. 

And that should cause death for those targeted bacteria. But those mirror bacteria can cause very bad problems or disasters in nature. The idea in the mirror bacteria is that they are like some kind of "Nosferatu" or vampire bacteria. Just like "Nosferatu's" evil Count Orlok or some Count Dracula are the human's evil twins those mirror bacteria are also evil twins of bacteria.  The function of the mirror bacteria is. Its genomes act backward to their natural companion bacteria. And that makes them very dangerous tools in the wrong hands. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mirror-bacteria-warning-a-new-kind-of-life-could-pose-a-global-threat/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-have-finally-cracked-the-code-of-cellular-communication/  

 https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-genetic-code-to-supercharge-flu-vaccines/  

The bio-resonating nanorobots destroyed the cancer cells.

 

"Scanning electron microscope image of Caltech’s printed bioresorbable acoustic hydrogel microrobots. Credit: Hong Han" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"Researchers at Caltech have developed bioresorbable acoustic microrobots (BAM) capable of delivering therapeutic drugs precisely to targeted areas within the body." (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"These spherical hydrogel-based microrobots, equipped with magnetic nanoparticles for navigation and a drug release mechanism, have successfully shrunk bladder tumors in mice. The technology promises advancements in targeted drug delivery and precision surgery." (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"In the future, delivering therapeutic drugs precisely where they are needed in the body might be the job of miniature robots — not metal humanoids or bio-inspired machines, but tiny, bubble-like spheres." (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"These microrobots face several complex challenges. They must survive harsh bodily environments like stomach acid, be remotely controllable to reach specific targets, and release their medicine only upon arrival. Afterward, they need to dissolve harmlessly in the body." (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"The flow patterns generated by an acoustic hydrogel microrobot vibrating at its resonant frequency were analyzed using advanced methods, including tracking tiny particles in water and computer-based simulations. The position of the microrobot’s two openings are clearly visible here. Credit: Hong Han"  (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"The Caltech-developed microrobots are spherical microstructures made of a hydrogel called poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Hydrogels are materials that start out in liquid or resin form and become solid when the network of polymers found within them becomes cross-linked, or hardens. This structure and composition enable hydrogels to retain large amounts of fluid, making many of them biocompatible. The additive manufacturing fabrication method also enables the outer sphere to carry the therapeutic cargo to a target site within the body." (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"An interdisciplinary team led by Caltech’s Wei Gao has created tiny bubble-like microrobots that can deliver therapeutics right where they are needed and then be absorbed by the body. Using the bots, the team successfully delivered therapeutics that decreased the size of bladder tumors in mice. A paper describing the work appears in the journal Science Robotics. Credit: Caltech" (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

"Those robots offer Advanced Drug Delivery Mechanism, ADM. Rather than putting a drug into the body and letting it diffuse everywhere, now we can guide our microrobots directly to a tumor site and release the drug in a controlled and efficient way,” Gao says.  (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

The concept of micro- or nanorobots is not new. People have been developing versions of these over the past two decades.  (ScitechDaily, Revolutionary Microrobots Shrink Tumors in Groundbreaking Study)

*******************************************************

Bioresonating nanorobots are a new tool against cancer cells. Those robots are in the image above this text. The nanomachines can carry medicines or DNA into the targeted cells. The interesting detail is that those nanorobots look like the poison bullet that the KGB used in Georgi  Markov's (1929-1978)assassination in London in 1978. Small holes in the bullet helped it carry ricin into the victim's body. 

This assassination shows what is the difference between weapons and medical tools. The assassination tools must not be as precise. And highly accurate as the medical tools. And the other thing is that. In the wrong hands, nanorobots can be even more deadly than any ricin bullets. 

And that thing is similar to those small robots. That bullet was launched by the air gun that looked like an umbrella. The idea in those nano- or mini-robots is similar. They can carry ricin or some other chemical precisely to the targeted cells. 

Above. The poison pellet. That killed Markov. 

Or they can transfer things like enzymes to the targeted cells. The bio-resonating gel system stores the medicines in the targeted cells. Then. The system presses medicines out from the robot. The robot can carry things like ricin molecules straight to the wanted cells. 

Ricin is an extremely poisonous chemical because it blocks the cell's energy production. The ricin molecule is the thing that just fills the cell. That causes cell death. Then that thing causes gangrene. The thing is that the same thing that makes ricin the deadly and effective assassination weapon can make it the most powerful cytostatic in the world. The problem with cytostatic use of ricin is how to control it. 

In medical use, the carrier system must not deliver ricin until it is inside the targeted cells. Free ricin in the blood can cause cell death and gangrene that destroys the entire body and kills the victim. The system that can deliver ricin in the cancer cells can be the tool that can have a fundamental effect on cancer therapy. But that thing requires more research. So that it can turn into a medical tool that can destroy tumors. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revolutionary-microrobots-shrink-tumors-in-groundbreaking-study/

https://historybytez.com/2015/09/07/1978-georgi-markov-assassinated/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Markov

The Medusa: advanced nuclear pulse propulsion.

Basically. The Medusa system is based on a similar concept. With the famous project Orion. The attempt to create the nuclear pulse propulsion for the interplanetary flight. Project Orion planned to use small nuclear bombs to accelerate its speed to interplanetary missions. And basically. We can say that the Medusa is the modified  "Orion" that uses the solar sail for acceleration. 

The solar sail can be packed at the nose of the "Orion" and the system can use solar energy to accelerate its speed before it detonates nuclear bombs. Even if in that film the nuclear bomb is detonated at the front of the craft. It's possible to detonate them behind the craft and then the would be the Orion, which uses solar sail for accelerating its speed and the nuclear bombs will get into use when the caft is away from the sun. 

When sunlight is weak the Medusa system can continue its journey by using nuclear bombs like small hydrogen bombs. The craft can have two magnets away from its shell. Their mission would be to transfer ions like helium or alpha ions and beta particles like anions and electrons into those magnets. That protects the spacecraft shell and its crew or measurement tools against those particles. And if those nukes launch at the front of the craft those magnets minimize the force that pushes the craft backward. 

There are many ways to use nuclear bombs in acceleration. The craft can carry nuclear bombs inside it. The small neutron bombs will push the craft forward. But then we can think that large-size hydrogen bombs will shoot into space at certain points of the Medusa's trajectory. When Medusa passes those points the 50 mt. Hydrogen bombs will explode. And they will push the craft forward. But in some models, the system can use things like small antimatter bombs to give acceleration. 

In some lightweight systems, the large parabolic mirror will heat the hydrogen in the tank. Hydrogen can give energy to the solar generators. And if the system has a cooler that thing can make it possible to recycle hydrogen. 

Medusa as a weapon. 

There is the possibility to use the Medusa-type system as a weapon. In those systems, parabolic mirror collects sunlight for lasers. In lasers, those mirrors will aim the sunlight at the laser element which can be carbon dioxide laser. Those lasers give very high-energy pulses. The large mirror can also operate as an energy collector for nuclear lasers. 

In those systems, the nuclear weapon's flash will focus by using that mirror into the lasers that can be very powerful. In some other versions of the high-power X-ray lasers, the laser system gets its energy from the nuclear bomb that detonates around the laser element. That gives a very high power energy impulse to the target. 

The string theory still lives.

"If string theory is true, our universe has extra dimensions that lie curled up at every point around us." (Astronomy.com, What happens if string theory is wrong?)

"In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity." (Wikipedia, StringTheory)

Can superstring that travels through photons explain dark matter? The superstring that travels through photons transports the quantum field away from that thing.  And outside the quantum field tries to fill that hole.  If that model is right. The photon can bundle other superstrings into a structure that looks like a cereal grain. 

The string theory can answer things like dark matter and dark energy problems very fast. The idea is that the photon is the superstring that can collect wave movement into it. That thing means that the photon can involve a quantum-size black hole. Or it can focus energy impulses into the middle of it. There that energy reflects back. That requires that the photon is a straight ring-shaped structure. 

That is the thing that makes the dark energy, or wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. But the origin of that thing is unknown. The string theory allows that one superstring can travel through the photon. And that string acts like a thermal pump. It can transfer energy out from the middle of a photon and that thing can make it possible for the photon to turn invisible. 

That string can transfer energy out of focus with such high speed that it has no time to reflect. The superstring that transports energy in different directions can turn a photon dark and give it the gravity field. The idea is when that superstring transports energy or quantum field out from the middle of that object, the outside quantum field tries to fill that hole. That thing causes a situation in the quantum field that pulls objects into that thing. 

"String theory is a mathematical description of nature that requires space to possess several additional dimensions beyond the ordinary three. These extra dimensions, too small to notice in ordinary life, can assume many possible shapes, or geometries (depicted artistically here) that can influence the properties of the universe and subatomic particles. Credit: O. Knill and E. Slavkovsky" Astronomy.com, String theory is not dead yet)

"The string theory still lives. 

Can superstring that travels through photons explain dark matter? The superstring that travels through photons transports the quantum field away from that thing.  And outside the quantum field tries to fill that hole.  If that model is right. The photon can bundle other superstrings into a structure that looks like a cereal grain. 

The string theory can answer things like dark matter and dark energy problems very fast. The idea is that the photon is the superstring that can collect wave movement into it. That thing means that the photon can involve a quantum-size black hole. Or it can focus energy impulses into the middle of it. There that energy reflects back. That requires that the photon is a straight ring-shaped structure. 

That is the thing that makes the dark energy, or wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. But the origin of that thing is unknown. The string theory allows that one superstring can travel through the photon. And that string acts like a thermal pump. It can transfer energy out from the middle of a photon and that thing can make it possible for the photon to turn invisible. 

That string can transfer energy out of focus with such high speed that it has no time to reflect. The superstring that transports energy in different directions can turn a photon dark and give it the gravity field. The idea is when that superstring transports energy or quantum field out from the middle of that object, the outside quantum field tries to fill that hole. That thing causes a situation in the quantum field that pulls objects into that thing. 

The string theory explains that material is a group of strings.  This is an oversimplified model of the string theory. String theory explains that dimension and spacetime are groups of superstrings. Extra dimensions exist in those strings, but they are too small to measure. 

Those strings are of different sizes. That means the smallest superstrings are the size of photons and the largest are larger than the universe. The superstring can travel through the universe. And if a black hole pulls that billions of ly long string in it. That string's speed is connected with the speed of light. That means. Those extremely long superstrings can travel into black holes even billions of years. 

In that theorem, the universe is in the larger superstring and those strings can travel in space and time. That means the superstrings can entwine with each other. That means the wormholes are the superstrings that entwine with each other and form the channel through the spacetime. In that model, the superstrings are things that form every particle and any wave movement from the gravity waves to the radio waves. 

"It's possible. Dark matter has some other interactions than just gravitational interactions. The answer can be in photon, as I wrote at the begin of the text. " (ScitechDaily,Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

The image of a photon brings the idea. Could the photon be the superstring that moves and oscillates in the field? When those superstrings oscillate they pull energy into them. And then. Those things can also relieve the energy that they store. That oscillation is the source of energy flows. The superstring theory is easy to explain. But proving that theory is extremely difficult. The superstrings are the thing that can form. Another and another different size superstrings. And making a mathematical model of that thing is difficult. 

So. If we think that superstrings form all material we face another interesting thing. The superstrings form antimatter and material. They form material and energy. And superstrings should form dark matter and dark energy. The problem is: How superstrings make those things. The ring-shaped structure is the thing that can pull those superstrings into a form that looks like a western cloaca in seafaring. The problem is how dark matter can be "dark"? 

The string theory explains that material is a group of strings.  This is an oversimplified model of the string theory. String theory explains that dimension and spacetime are groups of superstrings. They are of different sizes. That means the smallest superstrings are the size of photons and the largest are larger than the universe. The superstring can travel through the universe. And if a black hole pulls that billions of ly long string in it. That string's speed is connected with the speed of light. That means those extremely long superstrings can travel into black holes even billions of years. 

In that theorem, the universe is in the larger superstring and those strings can travel in space and time. That means the superstrings can entwine with each other. That means the wormholes are the superstrings that entwine with each other and form the channel through the spacetime. In that model, the superstrings are things that form every particle and any wave movement from the gravity waves to the radio waves. 

The image of a photon brings the idea. Could the photon be the superstring that moves and oscillates in the field? When those superstrings oscillate they pull energy into them. And then. Those things can also relieve the energy that they store. That oscillation is the source of energy flows. The superstring theory is easy to explain. But proving that theory is extremely difficult. The superstrings are the thing that can form. Another and another different size superstrings. And making a mathematical model of that thing is difficult. 

So. If we think that superstrings form all material we face another interesting thing. The superstrings form antimatter and material. They form material and energy. And superstrings should form dark matter and dark energy. The problem is: How superstrings make those things. The ring-shaped structure is the thing that can pull those superstrings into a form that looks like a western cloaca in seafaring. The problem is how dark matter can be "dark"? 

It's possible. Dark matter has some other interactions than just gravitational interactions. The answer can be in photon, as I wrote at the beginning of the text. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/string-theory-is-not-dead-yet/

https://www.astronomy.com/science/what-happens-if-string-theory-is-wrong/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory