There is no free software.

When some nice-looking actor makes something we must realize that we don't know who else is with that nice-looking actor. 

Users want everything free. The new AI, DeepSeek is a good example of free software. That people can download from the net without paying. This kind of software is one of the biggest problems in the world. Normally, people don't make a difference between "open source" and "free software". The first one means that developers see the source code that is used for the software that they use. The second one is free software but developers don't see the source code. 

That makes those software dangerous. The trojan horse means malicious software that plays something useful. The Trojan Horse can deliver all information about the net traffic into the net. When we see things like free software, we should look at the country. Where that program is made. Knowledge of the country where the software is made helps to analyze its safety. 

When some program or application runs on a server whose location is some country, and the hoster says that they don't share information with outsiders we must realize that in authoritarian states the official authorities can probably download any data. That they want, when they want. Anytime when they want to make that thing. The second thing is that texts are only texts. It's possible. That the maker of the software lies.

When we look at things like malware the purpose is to observe the net use and search for "harmful opinions". Those AIs are extremely good tools. In the cases of spyware the things that there the "things that are not told are more important than things that are told". And then we must realize one other thing. Who would download the spyware that tells the user that it delivers data to some third party? The fact is that there are people who are control freaks. 

Those people want to control things. That people say and what they make with their computers. They may download the surveillance tool. For observing their henchmen. And if that kind of screen catcher or something else transmits data to China that can happen because people don't dare to tell that they use that kind of software. In some cases, the surveillance tools that are used for observing the family members are used for industrial spying. The most important thing that the attacker must use is to close people's mouths. And one of the things that makes it is that the person uses unethical software. What would you think if your boss would observe you 24/7? Without telling you that the firm's computers involve spyware? 

But in some models, the free software has one purpose. It's to cause problems for Western AI and other software makers. Development of the software requires money. Developers need their salaries for living. If some part of the program is made under the control of the governments and intelligence, that means they don't tell that for you. 

Researchers trained neurons to believe that they were real brains.

"A 3D-printed brain model using nanopillars is reshaping neuroscience, allowing neurons to grow in realistic ways. This breakthrough could unlock crucial insights into brain disorders. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Tricked Neurons Into Thinking They’re in a Real Brain"

There is also one very interesting model of alien life. That lifeform is an intelligent robot that is controlled by cloned brains. Theoretically, those cloned brains are possible to make using mini-brains. Cloned neurons that are used in medical tests are basically similar to neurons that are in our brains. It's possible that someday researchers grow brains that are as intelligent as human brains.  

In some visions, the brain is connected to the computer that connects it with surveillance cameras and robot bodies remotely. That kind of system where brains live in nutrients and interact with their environment through mechanical bodies and other things are the tools that can revolutionize science. Or that is the biggest mistake that humans make. 

Researchers cheated cloned neurons think that they were "real brains". That thing made those neurons grow in structured networks. The thing is this kind of ability to program neurons makes it possible to create new biohybrid microchips or researchers can grow cloned neurons in the laboratory and program them for repairing the neural damages. That is one thing that the cloned neurons can make. 

"Bipolar mood swings may stem from two brain “clocks” running at different speeds—one biological and the other dopamine-driven. Scientists created similar patterns in mice, showing dopamine’s key role and offering hope for targeted treatments. Credit: SciTechDaily.com"(SciTechDaily.com, Scientists Discover a Hidden Brain Clock Driving Bipolar Mood Swings)

The discoveries uncovered the hidden clock in brains. They noticed that the bipolar mood swings formed because those clocks worked at different speeds. By synchronizing those clocks is possible to affect that thing. 

Manipulating that clock is theoretically possible to create a situation where a person doesn't need sleep. There is the possibility to create nanotechnical medicals that fill the neurotransmitter stores. That allows the person to operate without sleep. 

But the fact is that brain manipulation is very dangerous. If something goes wrong that can cause terrible damage. The ability to manipulate and train individual neurons makes it possible to transport information into the human brain. That thing is possible in the case of brain damage. Or that thing can be used in cases where a person wants to get some new skills easily. The fact is that the technology that is used in tests will sooner or later escalate into everyman's technology. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-tricked-neurons-into-thinking-theyre-in-a-real-brain/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-a-hidden-brain-clock-driving-bipolar-mood-swings/

New materials can improve stealth and information technology.

The idea of radar and other radiation absorption is quite simple. The material must conduct radiation energy sideways when radiation hits to material. The thing that makes material visible is reflection. There are also materials. or systems that turn radar impulses from both sides of the target. Those systems' base is in counter radiowaves or plasma fields that can aim radio waves that way that the receivers cannot get the reflection. There is the possibility of breaking that kind of stealth technology using asymmetrical receivers. 

That means some receivers are in other positions where they could receive the radio wave that reflects that is aimed away from the radiation source. Another way is to make material that absorbs radiation. The material acts like kevlar acts with pressure impact. That material shares energy into larger areas. And that makes it so good material for bullet-proof wests. The quantum absorption material acts the same way as Kevlar. It transports impacting radiation energy sideways. The problem is that the material cannot bind energy inside it forever. 

Sooner or later. The energy level in the material turns so high that it can send radiation impulses back to the radar. In some tools, the counter radiation is sent in thin wave packages. 

Those wave packages pull energy out of the incoming radio signals. And that should make the reflection weaker. The problem system must aim those counterwaves away from the radar receivers. 

"Absorbing layers have been fundamental to advancements in technologies like energy harvesting, stealth systems, and communication networks. Credit: Syracuse University" (ScitechDaily, Ultra-Thin Absorers Break Records and Revolutionize Energy and Stealth)

The anti-stealth radars can use very high transmission power and change the area where the radiation impacts. That means the anti-stealth systems try to fill material. The system uses different transmitters and receivers. The problem with those systems is that the smooth curves on stealth planes make the reflection scatter. But sooner or later. The radar can get an echo. The system can use also things like laser radars and spaceborne optical reconnaissance satellites. Those satellites can send target data to the missiles and maybe quite soon to the laser stations. 

The counter systems against those anti-stealth systems can include anti-satellite weapons and small-size missiles that should destroy those radio transmitters. In the same way, the satellites that transmit data to the anti-aircraft systems must be in stable positions. The biggest problem with optical satellites is clouds and for. The infrared absorption is easy to make using the ram air. The aircraft's shell will be cooled. By using the air tubes that are under the shell. 

The problem with absorption is where the material can transport energy from itself. Material cannot store energy into itself forever. So it must transport energy out from it.

 One of the solutions can be the battery. Radar impulses are electric waves that travel in the air. The system that can transport energy precisely into the battery can deny the radar echo. The system can store that radiation in salt water. Then it can remove that energy from the exhaust tube by transporting that water out from the battery. And that removes energy from the aircraft. 

The altermagnetic wires can aim the reflection into the direction that is away from the other aircraft and ground station radars. 

Things like altermagnetic wires can also make it possible to transport energy out of the structures without reflection. In altermagnetism, the shell of the wire is not magnetic. That makes it possible to create a system that collects radar energy from the aircraft shell. And then aims it into very thin radaiation that travels any direction where the pilot or stealth system aims it. 

In information technology, the absorbing materials can remove echo from the electric wires. That denies the reflection waves from the shell of the wire. The things like altermagnetism are tools that can also protect information that travels in the electric wire. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/ultra-thin-absorers-break-records-and-revolutionize-energy-and-stealth/

Artificial proteins are a new tool against snake poison.

"Researchers have developed new proteins using computational design to effectively neutralize some of the most dangerous snake venom toxins, signaling a shift towards more accessible and efficient antivenom solutions." (ScitechDaily, AI-Designed Proteins – Unlike Any Found in Nature – Revolutionize Snakebite Treatment)

Artificial proteins are the only small part of products that AI-controlled development can find. The AI-controlled manufacturing systems are packed with computers, spectrometers, and effectors. Basically, that combination is similar to that used in the large stellar observatories for research space. The difference is that those new reaction systems observe microcosmos. 

They use advanced microscopes and spectroscopy to create precise chemical environments. Things like ultrasound and laser tweezers along with ion systems move those particles in that chamber. 

Those effectors can be mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, etc. The ability to react fast with high accuracy makes that kind of system more effective than traditional chemical chambers. The artificial, genetically engineered cells can create proteins and other things. That people require. The artificial cells can create an almost limitless number of complex chemical compounds. One of the compounds is the cloned shell of the cancer cells. That thing makes the ribosome inactivation. 

The new nanotechnical medicines can be proteins. That is packed in with other proteins. The shell proteins drive the medicine into the right cells and then the ion pump releases the effector to the cell. That effector can be the DNA bite that orders cells to die. Basically, that effector can be nano-silk that fills the targeted cell. 

There is the possibility to create medicines that close the receptors that offer poison to come into the cell. The protein. That connects itself to that receptor makes it possible to predict the poison. The protein inactivates that receptor only when the poison is in the body. And that makes it possible to give revolutionary counter-poison for venomous snakes and even against chemical weapons. 

In the ideal case, the counter-poison can be taken before the person even sees snakes. In those cases, the snake poison itself activates the counter-poison. 

The person who walks in the dangerous area just takes the capsule that involves nanomachines which inject that protein or protein producer into the body. The idea is that the counter-poison is taken before any snake is seen. And when the snake injects its poison to the victim the counter poison will activate. If those protein producers are artificial cells there can be programmed cell death that removes those cells in a certain time. Nanotechnology allows to create the customized cells. That surface antigen fits the receiver's body. 

Then nanotechnology can combine those proteins into a new form. Nano-, and biotechnology make it possible to create biological plasters that include fungi that create the penicillium to wounds and leaf cells that give oxygen to wounded areas. Those leaves can also give oxygen to the body of a wounded person. Those biological components like generically engineered fungi can also create proteins that can neutralize snake poison. But theoretically, genetically engineered snakes can create medicines in their poison glands. 

In one vision those remotely controlled snakes that the microchips control can deliver those medicines or vaccines to the human body. Another interesting vision is to make artificial cells or artificial mosquitos that can deliver things like vaccines. The visions that nanotechnology can make are limitless. The ability to control DNA and individual molecules. Are things that offer a world where the imagination is the limit. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-designed-proteins-unlike-any-found-in-nature-revolutionize-snakebite-treatment/

https://scitechdaily.com/testing-thousands-of-compounds-simultaneously-to-uncover-new-drugs-and-tailored-treatments/

DeepSeek and its connections.

When you use DeepSeek you know what you use. The program runs on Chinese servers. And it must follow Chinese regulations.  That is the thing in every program. The system tells that it collects data, and that's it. That system is free to use. And that is one of the reasons why we should think about AI very seriously. In the case that somebody does something in China. There is a government behind or with that thing. 

If DeepSeek is freeware. There must be something that its competitors offer. Or Chinese company takes their customers. The question is: Where does the Chinese company behind the Deep Seek get money to pay workers their salaries? The free software doesn't bring money to the company. And that is a good thing to remember. So, DeepSeek is an interesting thing. I tested it. And it was quite an interesting experience. But it won't make images. So, that's why the image above was made using Gemini. 

There is a possibility that the Chinese want to pull rags from below Western AI companies. So, when the Chinese give their AI for free, nobody wants to pay the price. And that takes customers from Western AI companies and ends their research work. The DeepSeek is the tool that makes everything different. It uses powerful and advanced algorithms. 

And it's lightweight. The DeepSeek will make AI development more effective. It doesn't need the most advanced microchips. And that means it's easy to run on a little bit older hardware. Because the DeepSeek doesn't need the most powerful microchips. Is easy to use in countries where the newest microchips are not allowed to transport. That new AI boosts the AI advance on all fronts. The Western companies must have something to offer or their Chinese competitor will take their marketing position. 

The Chinese AI leaves the Western competitors behind.

When we start to use some new product, we must read what it does. Then we must find out what else that product does than its makers tell in commercials. Many times things that are not listed are more important than things that producers of the product tell to customer. The Trojan Horse is the spyware that plays some utility programs. Those programs include a hidden algorithm that dumps the hard disk and net traffic into the net. 

The new and hot thing in the AI business is the Chinese DeepSeek. That artificial intelligence runs on lighter platforms than Western competitors. And that makes it interesting. The fact is that the Chinese AI runs on Chinese servers. Which means that thing has connections with Chinese official policy. DeepSeek has one similarity with the other Chinese innovations. That means the DeepSeek seems to come from nowhere. There was nothing before the publishing. 

And then suddenly the most innovative AI in the world is reality. Sometimes somebody can say that there is suspicion that the Chinese hackers stole the code for the AI, which is similar to other AI's. That thing means that the China took a big step in AI. But the thing that the Chinese seek might be a surveillance tool that can follow and map Chinese citizens. 

The DeepSeek might be only one part of the AI development program in the East. That AI might have the "evil twin" that makes the next-generation hacking tool possible. The advanced AI is a tool that can serve military purposes. The highly advanced algorithms can remove databases from the hard disks. That makes the AI itself is weapon. 

The new road for AI is that it turns very important thing. The AI can generate virus code very fast. And that's why AI can support other systems. But the fact is that. Chinese AI programs are not possible without the government's acceptance. 

The government in China wants to use AI as an intelligence and control tool. There are no limits to the information collection in China if it serves the government's and state interests. AI is a tool that can revolutionize the Chinese control policy and their hacking- or cyber espionage projects. And that is one of the things that we must realize. China and its government know its value and power in the world.  

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/27/tech/deepseek-ai-explainer/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China

Whirls, viruses, and photonics.

"Whirlpools efficiently trap cells, bacteria, and other larger bioparticles to purify samples for biomedical tests. Credit: Tony Jun Huang, Duke University" (ScitechDaily, Miniature Whirlpools: A New Weapon Against Dangerous Viruses)

But they can transport the same things away from blood vessels. Things like ultrasound or nanoparticles can form whirls or bubbles that take viruses away. The easiest way would be to put blood cells or red cells to rotate sideways. In that case, the ultrasound can put those red cells into the rotating movement. And that can create those bubbles. Benefiting the low pressure behind the moving layer. 

One way to handle viruses is to close them into some bubbles or whirls. Those whirls and bubbles can transport them away from the body. Bubbles near ion pumps can deny viruses the ability to transfer their genomes to the cells. And that thing makes the disease against deadly viruses. The whirl that transports viruses out of the body is not poisonous. 

And there is no way that viruses can become immune to that kind of treatment. The nanobubbles can form low pressure against the non-wanted cells that turn the liquid near that cell to boil. And that can help to remove the non-wanted cells with 100% accuracy. The problem is how to get those whirls whirlpools into the right points. 

The answer can be in nanoparticles that make those while and whirlpools. Today nanoparticles can search things like Parkinsons. But the bigger nanobubbles or whirlpools can also transport those particles into the right position. Maybe in the future, remotely controlled nanoparticles can clean the plague between neurons in Alzheimer's. 

"Researchers have unveiled a thin metasurface that simplifies the creation of circularly polarized light, paving the way for more compact optical technologies in various fields, including medicine and communications.. Credit: SUTD" (ScitechDaily, Ultra-Slim Metamaterial Breakthrough Could Change How We Use Light)

In some ideas, the nanosized submarine can kill cancer cells by pressing dead or killed cancer cells against other cancer cells. That thing should cause similar cell death as in regular gangrene. But that thing requires remotely controlled nanoparticles. Remotely controlled nanoparticles can revolutionize things like nervous treatment. Those things can destroy cancer cells or create nanobubbles. 

Remote-controlled nanoparticles are tools that can make traditional medicines unnecessary. The photon whirls can be a tool that makes precise operating systems possible. They are effective tools that can transmit information to the nano submarine's microchip brains. 

An ultra-slim metamaterial can change the way we use light. 

New ultrathin metamaterials can turn the shape of light. The metamaterial can turn light into whirls. And that makes it a new type of light. Light whirls, or light tornadoes, can change the way we use light. And one of the things. That system can be effective in quantum technology. The light whirls can load information to trapped particles like photons. That thing can make this type of thing very interesting. 

The light tornado can also carry information in a new way. The spring-looking light wave can write information into the materials which magnetism the system can adjust using light. That ability makes it possible to create new types of secured data storage. 

And because light spiral can make the information storage symmetrically around particles. It makes it easier to control the qubits that travel in quantum channels. The asymmetry in energy layers makes the qubit change its trajectory. The qubit that travels in the quantum channel sends synchrotron radiation when it changes its route. And maybe someday researchers can use synchrotron radiation as long-distance quantum communication. The system just stores information to the qubit. 

Then the system sends it into the quantum channel. When that qubit turns its route. It sends synchrotron radiation. And that skims information with that wave movement. Information is stored in qubits as layers or shells. That means the information is like a shell on Apple. And the synchrotron radiation can turn that thing into wave movement that the receiver can detect. This is one way to think about photonics. Those photon whirls can aim light and manipulate electromagnetic fields. 

https://scitechdaily.com/20-years-in-the-making-scientists-unveil-breakthrough-anticancer-weapon/

 https://scitechdaily.com/miniature-whirlpools-a-new-weapon-against-dangerous-viruses/

https://scitechdaily.com/ultra-slim-metamaterial-breakthrough-could-change-how-we-use-

https://scitechdaily.com/wireless-nanoparticle-based-system-found-to-reverse-parkinsons-disease/

If we want new ideas we must be open to them.

The science facilities play a vital role in the R&D process. Things like Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and AREA-51 offer technical support and new innovations for the USA in civil and military sectors. The thing with technological advancement is that nobody can predict its routes. The fact is that: we can deliver our innovations for other nations by using one thing. We can deny innovations if we want simply blaming engineers and other scientists. If we want to deliver all our products to Mr. Trump and Mr. Musk we must only deny the R&D development. 

R&D is the key to the new equipment in the civil and military sectors. Being open to new ideas gives the landscape where innovations can grow. That means we should not underestimate science itself. Science is the thing that people do just for themselves.  When scientists find some phenomenon, there is an analysis of how people can use that phenomenon. 

Things like altermagnetism and other kinds of stuff like stopped photons are things that can make communication more secure than ever before. New things like radio telescopes can make things like follow the radio signals that come from a distance. 

They can eavesdrop on opponents' communication antennas or they can destroy or drop enemy drones. Or they can help to call scientists to some country. The limits are the worst thing that people can do for the R&D process. Limits and rules are only papers or texts on screen. And in the worst cases, the nation that made those rules will not even follow them. 

The AI is coming and that is the thing that we must realize. AI is the thing that can make it possible to control many objects. In stock marketing that means thousands of investments. And AI-based stock trading is the thing that will not allow the investor to make defeats. The AI can sell those objects immediately when they start to go down. And that makes the AI a tool that can guarantee profits. 

The AI is a tool that can make life better or worse. It's the most effective tool in modern computing. It's possible. The EU and other countries limit the use of that tool. That can make our lives better. But in the worst case, some actors like China and the USA, or some South American countries will not follow those regulations. They can call innovative people to make the AI. And that is one of the things, that can break the economy in the entire EU.  

There are stories that AI is bad for science. People published AI-based writings and said that the AI made their texts. That thing is similar to cases that other human makes the texts that developers or scientists introduce as their own. The source in those texts is the AI. The problem is that there are always people who want to cheat. They choose easy ways to make their thesis. That is wrong. But the problem is that nobody does their work with the computers there their schools have access. Those things are normally made with students' own computers. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/new-science-facilities-keep-america-great/

https://bigthink.com/business/why-ai-for-business-means-a-revolution-in-efficiency/

The new medicine activates the death receptor (DR5) on the cancer cells.

"Scientists engineered tiny vesicles to target cancer cells via DR5, showing strong tumor-killing effects in lab and animal studies. This therapy may offer an easily manufactured, off-the-shelf option for solid tumor treatment." (ScitechDaily, 20 Years in the Making: Scientists Unveil Breakthrough Anticancer Weapon)

The new medical treatment or medicine is based on capsules. That is made of human cell proteins. The idea is that when the dead cell is brought near or in the cell group that thing can cause gangrene. Dead cells can kill other cells. The problem is how to inject those particles into the cancer cells. Those cell particles activate the receptor that researchers call a "self-destruction receptor". 

"A new twist on a decades-old anticancer strategy has demonstrated significant potential against various cancer types in a preclinical study conducted by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. The innovative method employs small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)—tiny capsules engineered from human cells—offering a promising new avenue for immunotherapy. This approach is now advancing toward further development and testing." (ScitechDaily, 20 Years in the Making: Scientists Unveil Breakthrough Anticancer Weapon)

The researchers noticed that protein activates the DR5 (death receptor 5) on the surface of cancer cells. Similar proteins activate similar receptors in the other cells. That thing makes gangrene so dangerous. There is the possibility that the nanocapsules that are made of the separated tumor cells and then injected back into the tumor will activate the DR5 receptor. The dead cell protein normally activates the DR5 receptors, but the strings that the cancer cell grows deny that the dead cells cannot touch those DR5 receptor proteins. 

The death receptor activator is effective against many cancer types. That is the new path for immune therapy. There is also planned to use the DNA that nanoparticles transport to destroy cancer cells. The nanoparticle transports artificial DNA that orders cells to die into cancer cells. However, the problem is that the researchers must get those DNA bites to the right cells. 

Researchers used 20 years to make the perfect medicine against cancer. This new medicine is the nanoparticle that transports the death code to the cancer cells. Theoretically, this kind of thing is very easy to make. The end of the DNA involves the genetic code that kills cancer cells. That means those DNA bites simply order those cells to die. 

But the practical problems are big. The nanoparticles must go to the right cells or they can cause devastating effects. If the "killer DNA" goes into the healthy tissues, that can cause gangrene. Researchers must make a nanoparticle that holds nutrients that only cancer cells use. And if they find that nutrient this technology is a holy grail for medical factories. 

https://scitechdaily.com/20-years-in-the-making-scientists-unveil-breakthrough-anticancer-weapon/

Occam's razor as a thinking experiment, or model.

"A new Oxford University study reveals that deep neural networks (DNNs) naturally favor simpler solutions when learning, acting as an inbuilt form of Occam’s razor that balances the exponential growth of complex solutions. This simplicity bias allows DNNs to generalize well on real-world data but limits their performance on more complex patterns, hinting at deeper parallels between AI learning and natural evolutionary processes. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover AI’s Hidden “Occam’s Razor” for Simplified Solutions)

A couple of formulations of the Occam's razor. 

"This principle is sometimes phrased as Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate ("Plurality should not be posited without necessity").In his Summa Totius Logicae,"

"To quote Isaac Newton, "We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances. " 

"Therefore, to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes." In the sentence hypotheses non fingo, Newton affirms the success of this approach."

"Bertrand Russell offers a particular version of Occam's razor: "Whenever possible, substitute constructions out of known entities for inferences to unknown entities".

Quotes are from Wikipedia. (Wikipedia Occam's razor)

The origin of the Occam's razor is unknown. But Ptolemy once said: "We consider it a good principle to explain the phenomena by the simplest hypothesis possible." So here I don't write about the history of Occam's razor. I will write about principle that the Occam's razor represents. 

There are a couple of formulations about Occam's razor. There is an idea that the simplest solutions are the most common because complex solutions form through the simple solutions. Or the simple solution becomes before the complex solution. 

A simple solution must exist. So that it can intertwine with other simple solutions. So the complex solution requires more than one simple solution. And we can call solutions as models. So the complex model is the sum of simple models. That means there must be more than one simple model (or solution). That can form a complex model. (Or complex solution is the sum of simple solutions)

The Occam's razor is the thinking model. Where the thinker should select the simplest models if there are multiple offenders. The most usual models are the simplest models. And that means the AI should select the simplest model. Complicated models require more time and more structures to form. So everything begins from the simplest possible models. When we talk about Occam's razor and the principle that the simplest things are the most usual things we can make a model that if we choose the simplest model the probability that we hit the right point is more usual than if we choose complex models. 

That is one way to handle complex problems. And problems are systems. In the beginning is the simple model. Then that model collects layers on them. And those layers form complexity in the model. That is an important point in the thinking. The fact is that Occam's razor does not always give the right solution. That means sometimes the complex structure can be the right. But then we can think so simple things as the line. We can make lines that seem very complex. But if we look at those curves and loops we can see that even if that thing looks very complex. 

There is only one line that involves those things. If that line is woolen yarn that thing can form very complicated-looking structures. But if we have time we can clean up that mess and then use that woolen yarn. So everything that seems complex can turn simple if we think and try to fix that thing hard. Knots and curls don't make the woolen yarn useless. If we use little time and brains we can remove those knots and make the woolen yarn usable. Sometimes there is only one knot that holds very complicated curls. 

If we want to solve the problem we must know everything about that. If we lose pieces of the problem we cannot fix it in its entirety there we can solve it. When we think of woolen yarn and a razor. A thinker that we can call Occam can use the razor as a wire coil. This person uses a razor as the rack around which he wraps a woolen thread. So that means Occam's razor can be used as an example that there is always more than one possible use of the tools or subjects. 

And if we follow the woolen yarn from the end to begin, we can find the shape of that thing. Checking the answer for the calculations happens by calculating those things backward. So that means the mathematicians calculate all calculations using mirror calculations. When they check simple calculations for example 7+2=9 they can check that calculation by calculating 7=9-2 (or normally 9-2=7). That thing gives the second meaning for the Occam's razor. 

That means people must not use violence or destroy structures to find the key. If Occam uses a razor and cuts the woolen yarn in pieces, that means they turn carbage. There is no use for things that are cut into pieces. For making the woolen yarn people must have every part of it. And that things must be sorted into the right order if Occam wants to put possible colors in the woolen yarn into the original order. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-ais-hidden-occams-razor-for-simplified-solutions/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor

The new nanomaterials are stronger and more durable than ever before.

"This illustration shows how X-shaped monomers are interlinked to create the first 2D mechanically interlocked polymer. Similar to chainmail, the material exhibits exceptional strength. Credit: Mark Seniw, Center for Regenerative Nanomedicine, Northwestern University" (ScitechDaily, Nano-Chainmail Unveiled: Revolutionary Material for Lightweight, Tough Protection)

Nanotechnology opens the door to new lightweight materials. Those materials are lightweight and stronger than anything before. Some of the latest materials are based on ring-shaped spring structures. That material includes two entangled material lines. 

The material acts like spring beds. When impact comes it pushes the "8" shaped structures sideways. That transfers the energy to the molecules around it. The two-material structures make it possible. That impact energy cannot affect materials. As an entirety. The material becomes more durable when the number of horizontal material layers with different molecular structures rises. 

The image above this text shows how the structure can flex when something presses it. When this structure faces pressure the molecule chains that base is in carbon will flex and that ability shares the impact energy with other molecules. If we think that the material forms lattice layers that thing means that material shares energy horizontally. The important thing is that there should not be reflection from other molecules. That denies the form of the standing waves. 

Material can stand high energy levels if it can conduct that energy somewhere. Those lightweight materials have many uses from satellites to armored vehicles and wearable body armor. 

"Alternating magnetic and crystal pattern in altermagnetic manganese telluride (MnTe, left) and ruthenium dioxide (RuO2, right)." (Wikipedia, Altermagnetism)

The new thing that nanotechnology allows is the ultimate heat resistance. The traditional way to protect the layer against heat is to conduct it away. There can be pillars in the airflow that conduct heat from the layer to that airflow. But this thing doesn't remove the horizontal heat effect. This is why heat destroys molecules. 

When heat impacts a snowflake that structure melts because the snowflake cannot put that energy anywhere. That forms standing waves that destroy the structure. One of the answers is to make the material that edge is colder or at a lower energy level than the middle of it. That conducts energy out from the center.  When energy travels in one direction it will not make those standing waves. 

The magnets can be the solution for the materials that turn stronger when they face pressure. In still theoretica nanomaterials there is some kind of magnetic structure-nanocrystal compounds. When something presses those nano-crystals they form a piezo-electric phenomenon that makes the magnetic fields in magnetic structures stronger. When that phenomenon is connected to alter magnetism the new form of magnetism that means the materials is antimagnetic from outside. The magnetic structures are inside that material. 

The Quanta magazine tells about an interesting phenomenon. "Researchers cooked up a striking exception. In a string of results over the past few years, researchers have shown that an idealized substance resembling two intermingled magnets can — in theory — maintain an orderly pattern no matter how hot it gets. The discovery might influence cosmology or affect the quest to bring quantum phenomena to room temperature." (Quanta, Heat Destroys All Order. Except for in This One Special Case.)

There is a theoretical possibility that the intermingled magnets can keep their form without depending on the temperature. That phenomenon is one of the newest and most interesting things in material sciences. The idea is that the magnetic particles can bind to each other without decreasing temperature. In ideal cases, there are magnetic particles whose magnetic force rises when temperature rises. That makes the material stronger when its temperature rises.

https://scitechdaily.com/nano-chainmail-unveiled-revolutionary-material-for-lightweight-tough-protection/ 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/heat-destroys-all-order-except-for-in-this-one-special-case-20250116/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermagnetism

Nuclear Rockets and Project Breakthrough Starshot.

"Modular Assembled Radiators for Nuclear Electric Propulsion Vehicles, or MARVL, aims to take a critical element of nuclear electric propulsion, its heat dissipation system, and divide it into smaller components that can be assembled robotically and autonomously in space. This is an artist’s rendering of what the fully assembled system might look like. NASA/Tim Marvel" (NASA,Nuclear Electric Propulsion Technology Could Make Missions to Mars Faster)

Nuclear rockets can have football-field-size heat conductors to control the thermal effect of a nuclear reactor. 

The new nuclear systems can journey to Mars faster than regular chemical rockets. The problem with nuclear thermal engines is the heat of the system. Nuclear reactors can transfer their thermal energy to water. Then, water transports heat to the larger water systems like lakes. In space nuclear reactors must shine that thermal energy to space. In the NASA construction reactor, the football-field size element conducts the heat from the reactor to space. The reactor itself can use highly enriched plutonium or neptunium as the nuclear fuel. 

The nuclear chemical reactors can use almost all types of liquids as propellant. In the simplest models, the nuclear reactor simply boils liquid that travels through it. The system called Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications (NERVA), is one of the most promising systems that NASA created. The rocket itself is simply a nuclear reactor and liquid hydrogen flows through that reactor. NERVA is a suitable tool for Jupiter and Saturn missions because it can use almost any liquid as fuel. 

In more complicated models the nuclear reactor can use things like laser rays to increase the expansion of the propellant. There are two ways to make sure. Nuclear reactors can also offer an energy supply to spacecraft. The first case is that the nuclear thermal engine can use propellant to rotate turbo generators. 

In other cases, the nuclear reactor can use different separated cycles to rotate the generator. The NERVA system can refill its tanks from the giant planet's atmospheres, their water moons, or from the hydrocarbon oceans of Titan. The system can use water or it can split water electrolytically. And then drive hydrogen to its tanks. The nuclear reactor forms particle flow that can also push spacecraft ahead. 

"An artist’s rendering that shows the different components of a fully assembled nuclear electric propulsion system. NASA/Tim Marvel" (NASA,Nuclear Electric Propulsion Technology Could Make Missions to Mars Faster)

The reactor itself is quite similar to a miniature nuclear reactor. 

The new system is more complicated and powerful than NERVA. The system is called Modular Assembled Radiators for Nuclear Electric Propulsion Vehicles, or MARVL. The system is a modular version of NERVA. The idea is that the modular nuclear rocket can be shot into orbiter modules. That makes it more comfortable and safer to handle. The nuclear rocket will shoot the orbiter by using chemical rockets. There the support system can load highly radioactive nuclear fuel to the reactor. 

In some models, the Space X Falcon heavy transports large components to the Earth orbiter. Then the system will push the large Mars craft to a higher stationar orbiter or moon orbiter. Then miniature shuttles will transport the highly radioactive nuclear material to the reactor and astronauts and robots will push those nuclear elements to the reactor. 

The system can also include 3D printers that can help to build and assemble large components in space. The 3D components can make the repairing part production more flexible. 3D printers can make miniature nuclear reactors in space. The only problem is nuclear fuel. The fuel must be shared and packed into small parts so that in the case of accidents the pollution is minimal. 

By the way...

Spaceborne nuclear reactors can also be used to create neutron beams. The system can use neutrons from a nuclear reactor and stress them with electromagnetic radiation. The system can have a neutron source at the bottom. And then it shoots neutrons through a channel that travels through the nuclear reactor. Nuclear rockets can half the flight time to Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The flight time to Mars is maybe 45 days. The length of the mission is about 2 years. 

But the stars are too far away. 

"A solar sail concept" (Wikipedia, Breakthrough Starshot)

Project Breakthrough Starshot.

Project Breakthrough Starshot is one of the first serious study projects to send space probes to Alpha Centauri, or accurately saying, the Proxima Centauri system in 40 years.  The system would use the solar sail to travel to the other solar system. 

The system can involve the hydrogen bomb detonations that happen at the Starshot craft trajectory. Those bombs make the Starshot operate like Medusa drive or improved Orion. In the original Project Orion, the nuclear bombs give speed to interplanetary spacecraft. In Medusa drive, the Orion spacecraft will be equipped with a solar sail. That gives more thrust to the nuclear bombs. The system uses nuclear pulse propulsion (NPP) or a series of nuclear bombs to travel outside the solar system. 

It's possible. That regular solar sail will get more power to its drive from nuclear bombs. The other space systems like other solar sails or nuclear rockets will send those nuclear bombs to the solar sail's route. And when solar sail makes the flyby that hydrogen bomb will detonate. That gives more thrust to the solar sail. But 40 years is a long time for waiting results. 

https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/historic-facilities/rockets-systems-area/7911-2/

https://www.nasa.gov/general/nuclear-electric-propulsion-technology-could-make-missions-to-mars-faster/

https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/tdm/space-nuclear-propulsion/

https://www.space.com/nasa-darpa-nuclear-thermal-rocket-2027

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)

Does Planet Nine or Planet X exist?

"The hypothetical Planet Nine is imagined as an ice giant in this artist’s conception. Neptune’s orbit is shown as the ellipse around the distant Sun (upper right). Credit: ESO/Tom Ruen/nagualdesign" (Astronomy, Does Planet Nine exist?)

The terms "Planet 9" and "Planet X" mean the strange gravity effect in the Kuiper Belt. That effect causes anomalies in Neptune and Uranus trajectories and it affects also some Kuiper Belt objects. Nobody has seen Planet 9 yet. The interesting thing is how that large object can remain unseen. 

There is a possibility that energy travels to that planet's nucleus which can be colder than its shell. That increases its mass all the time, especially in cases where energy cannot travel out from that planet's shell. 

Researchers predict that the temperature on the planet is about 47 Kelvin. That means -226 degrees Celsius and the absolute zero point is -273,15 C or 0 K. At that point atom movement ends and there is no infrared radiation from that object. 

"The newcomer replacing Pluto presently goes by “Planet Nine.” If and when it finally shows up, it will get the honor of a real name, but so far, the evidence for this hypothetical planet is all indirect. Just as many of the thousands of known planets orbiting other stars have been found by observing their gravitational effects, rather than by actually seeing them, Planet Nine has been identified thanks to the way it has apparently been tugging on a variety of small bodies in the outer solar system and pulling their orbits into lockstep patterns. If it exists, Planet Nine orbits the Sun at an average distance around 550 astronomical units (AU), or 550 times as far as Earth is from the Sun. Astronomers also think it has between five and 10 times Earth’s mass." (Astronomy, Does Planet Nine exist?)

"The orbits of 96 of 109 distant minor planets and extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs), known as of January 2021, are diagrammed here. The farthest point from the Sun of each is greater than 200 times the distance between Earth and the Sun (1 AU). Orbits colored red are ETNOs aligned with the hypothetical Planet Nine; those colored blue are anti-aligned. The three pink orbits are Sedna and two similar objects. Orbits colored brown are objects that come closer to the Sun than Neptune’s orbit. The predicted orbit of Planet Nine is in yellow. Credit: Nrco0e/Wikimedia Commons" (Astronomy, Does Planet Nine exist?)

Four exotic things that Planet 9 could be. 

1) Black hole. (That can be in far longer distance than 550 times Earth's distance from the sun. That 550 times Earth's distance from the sun is Planet 9 predicted distance from the sun) 

2) Coherent gravity wave

3) Miniature white dwarf. (Planet that pressed into extremely dense form) 

4) Coherent dark energy. (Nobody has seen that thing yet. But it's possible. That dark energy can have a coherent shape, like all other wave movements have). 

The temperature of that planet will be really low and the difference between energy levels on the day- and night sides can make it possible for energy to travel out from its sun side and that can make planet nine or planet X invisible to us. 

The interesting thing is that the very strong gravity effect doesn't cause some anomalies in Uranus, Neptune, and dwarf planet's atmospheres. Also, interesting observations are the X- and gamma-ray flares on Uranus's atmosphere.  That phenomenon can form when something accelerates cosmic particles. 

But can "Planet X" or Planet 9 be something different than we even imagine? There are calculations that Planet X's mass is something between Mars and ten times that of Earth. So could planet 9 be something small and dense? There have been introductions that this mysterious object can be grapefruit-size black holes. 

An interesting thing is that Planet Nine can be a very dense object. All dense objects are not black holes. That means it can be a very tightly packed material. That is far heavier than any material on Earth. That means it's theoretically possible that the large planet can packed to a similar form as some white dwarfs. 

When high-power energy impulse hits the planet it can turn the planet's atmosphere hotter than the planet's nucleus. That effect can push the planet into a small size very dense object. The energy that presses the planet can turn it into a dense object that can have a white dwarf's, neutron star's, or even black hole's density. 

So the object can be very small in comparison with its gravity effect. And that makes it hard to detect. When energy hits an object, its mass will increase. And that thing can mean that something that we think is a dwarf planet can be a dwarf planet with steroids. 

Actually, the mysterious gravitational effect in the Kuiper belt can be something that we even cannot imagine. It can be the coherent gravity wave structure. Or something that we have never seen yet. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/does-planet-nine-exist/