Robots, products, and national security.

Today, we face many social problems like chronic unemployment. This is the thing. That we can think of as easy to handle. The reason for that unemployment is that the manufacturing lines of some products are transferred to the Far East. The thing. That can bring manufacturing back is customs that make those products, made in those cheap-production countries more expensive than domestic productions. There are no things like labor unions and strikes in those cheap production countries. 

And we can think that the customs that protect work are the answer. That brings jobs back to the USA and other Western countries. But things like automatization cause problems. 

Robots cause situations in which manufacturing and rising order backlogs don't make any workplace. That is one of the things that we should realize when we talk about unemployment. AI-controlled robots can cause situations in which there are no workplaces for humans at all. 

But then we must realize some dirty things. When people buy things like electronic components, computers, drones, and mobile telephones from China. They cause danger to national security. One router can give access to the Internet. If some router has a back door that can open the net for hybrid influence teams from China and Russia. 

Our security standards don't consider that the manufacturers can infect some products purposely. We trusted that the manufacturers report on the malware cases that they see. We forget that all manufacturing in China happens under the control of the military and military intelligence. Chinese hackers stole many industrial secrets. And maybe some of those Chinese products are equipped with software that can open the gate to hackers. 

Manufacturers can pollute those high-tech products using some kind of malware program. That can open the back door to the Western data network. 

When we think about things like data security and malicious software we think that this kind of thing doesn't happen. We think that our networks and products are well-protected against the malware. But in that case, we forget. Companies or production plants that operate in China. Are under the control of Chinese authorities. That means that. The Chinese military authorities can put malicious code on the microchips. That is used in those high-tech products. 

Malicious software endangers national security. 

If vital components in data networks like GSM networks are infected that can send lots of data to China. And if there is some kind of kill-wire software it can shut down those components or even try to spread malware infection into the strategic, operative systems. Drones are not difficult to equip with image-recognition software. That makes it search and follow certain persons. The image recognition tool can also make drones home to certain targets. 

The Russians released suspected killer satellites to the orbiter.

Three mysterious Russian satellites were released into the orbiter.  They are called. Kosmos  2581, 2582, and 2583. Those satellites may be killer satellites. Or some kind of targets for that killer satellite program. The Kosmos-2583 launched a mystery object to the orbiter. 

That object can be anything. There is the possibility that the Russian satellite trio made the maneuver and docking tests to create larger and longer structures for more powerful lasers. 

Then otherwise is possible. Those modular structures can be very long (>1km.). They can create so powerful laser beam that it can endanger structures on the ground. Those satellites can also aim their lasers at one point. 

That target that the Kosmos-2583 released can be a space mine, target practice, or even the FOBS, the Fractional orbital bombardment system. The spaceborne nuclear bombardment system. Since the 1960s. Russians and Soviets had killer satellite programs. 

The easiest way to make a satellite kill is to drive the satellite into the impact course against another satellite. This makes things like miniature satellites dangerous. 

The miniature satellite can recognize the target and then activate its booster. The controllers can also control that system from a ground station. When the optical seeker sees the target the operator can drive the miniature satellite to the target. The satellite can communicate with the ground station or command aircraft like the A-50 using laser or radio communication.  For optical communication, the system must raise the receiver transmitter over the cloud level. That means the ground station or its antenna must be in the high mountain areas. 

Above) Beriev A-50 "Mainstay". Some of those aircraft may communicate with killer satellites. 

Maybe those three satellites are neutron bombs. Whose purpose is to destroy enemy satellites. Or maybe, they are kinetic ammunition that should impact other satellites. Or target pieces. For testing some more advanced space weapons. 

In the year 2022, Russia also launched the mysterious Kosmos satellite into the orbiter. That satellite is suspected as a killer satellite. That killer satellite uses directed energy weapons, DEW, like lasers to kill other satellites. Those satellites are sad evidence that the war goes to the orbiter. 

Satellites are very powerful tools for military missions. They are this way vital targets for enemy systems. The satellite can surveillance enemy movements and offer target data to bombs. Communication, optical and radar recon satellites, and GPS satellites are tools. 

That plays a vital role in the modern military. That's why those satellites are good targets for the killer satellites that can decrease those systems' accuracy. The killer satellites are a threat to the vital military systems. So they will get counter systems quite soon. And that means the arms race goes to space. 

The new space-based solar power (SBSP, SSP) is a system that can deliver energy from space using solar-power lasers. Those energy satellites can also aim their lasers at another satellite. The high-power laser or microwave burst can destroy the target very effectively. The system is double-used. In peacetime, those systems can deliver energy to Earth. But in war, those systems can destroy enemy satellites. 

The fact is that the satellites are so important systems that they need protection against the low-level. Anti-satellite, ASAT systems. The high-power laser rays can also cause damage and destroy infrastructure from the orbiter. 

https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/23/americas/space-solar-energy-pentagon-science-scn-intl/index.html

https://gizmodo.com/russian-satellite-trio-just-dropped-something-weird-in-orbit-2000586128

https://www.leonarddavid.com/space-based-solar-power-beaming-outlook/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power

The new robot can operate in the human body.

"These tiny robots use magnetism to move and explore tight spaces, potentially including disaster rubble or the human body. Credit: Jennifer M. McCann/Penn State" (ScitechDaily, "

This new robot is like straight from the Sci-Fi movie. Its purpose is to swim inside the body. And that robot can deliver medicine precisely into the wanted position. That kind of technology is a groundbreaking system. It can do many things that regular surgeons cannot do. The system can inject things like DNA bites that order tumors to die into the targeted cancer cells. The nanorobot can also give gene therapy. 

It can transport the wanted genome into the right cell groups. Or the system can carry stem cells to the right points. That thing can make it possible to give a treatment for damaged tissues. That doesn't revert well. . Stem cell therapy can help to fix brain damage. But those stem cells must be put into the right points. And that new miniature submarine can make that dream true. This submarine has many applications where it can operate. 

Another thing that this robot can do is to close blood vessels that transport blood into the tumor. This kind of system can also inject things like thin kevlar fibers into the cells that doctors want to destroy. That makes it possible to use the new types of medicals. The robot that can travel in the body and take even photographs of objects can search for things like tumors and blocks in blood vessels. Those nano-submarines can also transport tissues to fix damages into the blood vessels. 

The robot that swims in the blood and searches for non-wanted things are tools that humans never had before. Those systems are the next-generation tools. Whose purpose is to deliver medicines to the right points. These kinds of tools are also very dangerous in the wrong hands. This type of nanotechnology is the so-called perfect assassination weapon. That means the military might want to use those submarines as roles that belonged to bullets. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/not-science-fiction-this-tiny-robot-crawls-through-your-body-to-deliver-medicine/

Drone swarms will manufacture airplanes and even Mars bases.

"Visualization of a future-state aerospace manufacturing facility powered by swarm robotics." (IE, US to unleash robot swarms to build smart aircraft with speed, precision, safety)

When we think about robots we must realize that robots are not like any animal. The crab-looking manufacturing robots can also have a quadcopter. A system that helps to carry them to points where they cannot climb. Those robots can carry items that 3D printers make or they can be 3D printers. The robot swarm can also look like a humanoid robots. That can turn any factory into automatic. 

The drone swarms will manufacture aircraft and quite many other things. The drone that makes the 3D structures is like a spider or crab. The system can also involve quadcopters equipped with systems that can create high-temperature welding work. The quadcopters and other drones are more flexible than the regular welding systems. And that makes them suitable for many types of building works. One place where that kind of system is suitable is the planet Mars. 

The system can involve the unit where the system melts and separates iron from Martian stones. That can happen using microwave-based centrifugal separation. The system can make iron wire that those drones can use to make metal structures like greenhouse domes for the Red Planet. The system requires carbon which is necessary for steel structures. 

Those quadcopters can make many things on Mars and those systems that can make 3D structures under the AI control are tools that can also fix the holes on the spacecraft body. Those systems can also operate in underwater areas, and they can also make it possible to fix and build structures for submarines. The drone swarms can also fix things like undersea oil tubes and gas tubes. 

But the most interesting thing is the robot-manufacturing system that turns texts into robots. The AI copilot handles the principles of robotics. Those systems can follow spoken words or written text, and make any kind of robot that the user (customer) wants. This kind of system is the tool that makes it possible to transform the AI 's-generative tools into a new form. Modern co-pilots like Chat-GPT, Gemini, and Microsoft copilot can make images from texts. But the new system turns those images into real merchandise. 

That means those systems that can turn the texts into robots can be connected to the drone-swarm manufacturers. The system can make a robot or even a house or ship using virtual reality. The system creates a CAD image that it transforms into a photorealistic image. The system can get things like the size of the thing that drones should make. Then it fits that thing like a house to the landscape image. 

In the final stage, the system can use holograms to make sure that the house or any other thing fits into that point. The system can use a virtual dome like the group of quadcopters to locate other drones in their positions. The drone swarms can also use the internal location system where those drones locate each other. That system makes it possible to control those drones with a very high accuracy. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robots-from-text-using-ai?group=test_a

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-swarms-to-build-smart-aircraft?group=test_a

The bias in AI is a big problem.

The AI's problem is that it doesn't think. That is the thing that we usually repeat and repeat. That ability to get data without analyzing it causes bias. The thing that makes that model possible is that the AI doesn't know what the homepage involves. 

It sees words and their connections to something, but then the system doesn't realize what those words really mean. The AI, or large language model, LLM is programmed to give answers in a certain time. That means the LLM doesn't compare and search connections to every single word in the document. That saves time, but it decreases the data's trustworthiness. 

*********************************************

The study put ChatGPT through 18 different bias tests. The results?

AI falls into human decision traps – ChatGPT showed biases like overconfidence or ambiguity aversion, and conjunction fallacy (aka as the “Linda problem”), in nearly half the tests.

AI is great at math, but struggles with judgment calls – It excels at logical and probability-based problems but stumbles when decisions require subjective reasoning.

Bias isn’t going away – Although the newer GPT-4 model is more analytically accurate than its predecessor, it sometimes displayed stronger biases in judgment-based tasks.

The study found that ChatGPT tends to:

Play it safe – AI avoids risk, even when riskier choices might yield better results.

Overestimate itself – ChatGPT assumes it’s more accurate than it really is.

Seek confirmation – AI favors information that supports existing assumptions, rather than challenging them.

Avoid ambiguity – AI prefers alternatives with more certain information and less ambiguity.

(ScitechDaily, More Like Us Than We Realize: ChatGPT Gets Caught Thinking Like a Human)

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The fact is that at least part of the results that the AI gets from the net are based on the search engine's page ranks. When we think like this: we teach AI we should give feedback on its results. 

If we tell that the AI gives bad answers that helps it to adjust the results that it uses. The problem is always that for giving trustworthy feedback to the AI we should sometimes be experts. Of the thing that we asked. 

The big problem with AI and other copilots is that those things are made for customers. The product must also please the user in some way. And that can cause the bias. When somebody writes about AI, that person should compare it with other LLMs. The most advanced AI "thinks" that it's the best of all. The algorithms tell it how impressive it is. The more advanced AI means that it's better than other AI's. 

When we think about AI and its operators and owners in the world we must realize that all those companies that develop AI are independent companies. That means those AIs don't have access to the competitor's statistics. So, those AIs are not under one dome. And if they should compare themselves with other AIs like "What is the best AI in the world"? 

Those systems cannot get trusted data. Like how many percent of their answers satisfy the users. That kind of data is not collected. The AI will not ask would the user like its answers or if are they good. Another thing is that if the regular user is not the same as some doctoral user. The AI requires specific commands that involve the right terminology. Without the right terminology, the AI is helpless. 

And then AIs cannot compare those percents with other AI's statistics. This makes the AI think. That it's better than it is. The AI can use Wikipedia. When it should use specific sources like CERN homepages. The AI requires that the person who uses it knows the terminology, and then the misuse of some term in the wrong place in a query can turn the AI's text into a grab. AI will not make a difference in the words "hall" and "hall effect". That thing can cause a situation in which the AI starts to talk about echoes or some aircraft hangars when it should start to talk about resistance in electric wires. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/more-like-us-than-we-realize-chatgpt-gets-caught-thinking-like-a-human/

Tiny spin waves make particles talk in 2D material.

"Rendition of the discovery where the excitons (e-h pairs) interact via ripples in the magnetic structure akin to an array of spinning tops generating a wave that affects each other and couples the excitons. Credit: Visakh Menon, edited" (ScitechDaily, Tiny Magnets, Big Potential: How Spin Waves Let Particles “Talk” in 2D Materials)

"This breakthrough allows excitons (electron-hole pairs) to influence one another indirectly, like objects disturbing water. The interaction, demonstrated in a magnetic semiconductor called CrSBr, can be toggled on and off with magnetic fields, opening doors to revolutionary technologies like optical modulators, logic gates, and especially quantum transducers for future quantum computers and communication systems." (ScitechDaily, Tiny Magnets, Big Potential: How Spin Waves Let Particles “Talk” in 2D Materials)

The spin waves can be used to control particles. And make them exchange information. This technology can be the new wave of miniaturized technology. That technology can make it possible to connect high-power computing with other structures in spacecrafts and miniature vehicles. 

That means spin waves can make it possible to create new and ultra-thin microchips. Those ultra-thin nano-technology-based microchips can be necessary for tools that must resist extremely high accuracy. 

That thing can be useful in the new types of high-accurate intelligent ammunition. Those ammunition recognize the target using small computers. They will be more accurate and immune to the GPS jamming systems that "Dart" ammunition. But they require new types of thin microchips and mass memories. 

Tiny spin waves make particles talk in 2D structures. That thing means that. Those intelligent 2D structures can sense the impact's strength. A

nd things that pull them. This kind of thing allows the system to detect touches using those 2D materials. And that makes it possible to use them as kinetic sensors. 

Another thing is that the 2D material network that can surround things like satellites and tanks can feel meteorites and ammunition that hit that structure. 

Even if the sensors are on the layer in asymmetric square-shaped order the ability to share information makes it possible for those systems to can detect the place where something hits the surface. That thing can be the sense of touch to the system. 

The same technology can make a new type of quantum sensor. That can be used in joysticks and other things like robot's artificial kinetic sense. 

Modern joysticks operate in that the connector scrubs the carbon layer. 

The carbon layer can pass away. And that makes joysticks unable to be used. And the laser LED measures the bottom's distance to the mirror or straight layer. 

Those LEDs can use triangular measurement where the system calculates triangles and cut triangles to measure the distance. When the mirror is straight the triangles that those laser sensors make are full. When another side of the mirror or black layer turns down the laser system sees that the laser points turn away from each other. The system calculates the distance of those points and sees the tilt angle.

The problem with those systems is that they are too big for nanotechnology. The nano-size robots require new types of systems that can fit inside them. And where those robots can produce enough electricity. The nano-sized robots. That can operate independently in the human body and can revolutionize medicines. Those systems require new types of logical gates and other components. 

The Chinese company plans to use a maglev (magnetic) launcher for satellites.

Above: artist's vision of the Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) or StarTram launcher. 

The Chinese company plans to challenge Space X's launch dominance. And plans to shoot satellites to orbiters using maglev- or magnetic launch systems. The magnetic launch system means. The system uses similar technology. That is used in rail guns. And the maglev (magnetic levitation) (or, StarTram) launcher is like a giant version of rail guns. The system can use a lightweight tube there is a series of magnetic accelerators. 

The system can stand on the ground using very high pillars. Or things like balloons can raise that tube's end to high enough. In some models is planned to put that magnetic track to the mountain mountain slope. The system can look like an oil tube or maybe the creators of that system will dig it in the slope. And only the open port is visible. 

"Hypothetical StarTram spaceport. The launch tube stretches into the distance to the east on the right (eventually curving up many kilometers away), next to the power plant which charges the SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage). RLVs (Reusable Launch Vehicle) return to land on the runway." (Wikipedia, StarTram)

The magnetic cannon can also connect with a centrifugal launcher that gives the satellite or the satellite's aerodynamic capsule a very high punch at the beginning of the flight. Then magnetic track accelerates it to a higher speed. The Spinlaunch company tries to shoot satellites into orbit using spin launchers. Spin launchers are centrifugal launchers. Where a spinning plate gives enough energy and throws the small spacecraft to the orbiter. The spin launcher is easy to connect to the maglev- or magnetic accelerator.

The launch capsule can also have rockets that ignite at the right altitude. That kind of launching system can shoot satellites to the orbiter rapidly. They can be more economical and silent than current rocket-based systems. The Maglev shooter or "super rail gun" can turn projects HARP and Project Babylon into true. Those space guns can be useful tools for civil and military purposes. 

The problem with maglev launchers is their military options. The magnetic version of the famous, but luckily non-finished Project Babylon, the super cannon that cannon engineer Gerald Bull created for Saddam Hussein can turn into a toy in front of that kind of weapon. The high-performance, large-scale maglev cannon can turn the super cannon. Saddam Hussein planned to shoot grenades from Iraq to Israel into toys. The magnetic cannons have much more capacity than the Babylon-type super cannon that shoots traditional explosives to send ammunition into their road or track. 

Those systems can also shoot FOBS (Fractional Orbiter Bombardment Systems) to the orbiter. 

The FOBS satellite can be very small in size. If it carries something like 155 mm. nuclear grenade. Those small-sized weapons can be even more dangerous than the megaton-class FOBS systems. That the Soviets planned in the 1960s. The maglev launchers can shoot small-size hypersonic gliders HGS (Hypersonic Glide Systems) to the orbiter where they can dive back into the atmosphere. A small-size ASAT,  (Anti-Satellite) weapon can also shoot using the maglev launchers. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/spacex-rival-chinas-maglev-launch-pad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Babylon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_HARP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarTram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpinLaunch

The world's most advanced microchip was published in Taiwan.

"On April 1, 2025, the Taiwanese manufacturer TSMC introduced the world's most advanced microchip: the 2 nanometre (2nm) chip.(ScienceAlert, The 'World's Most Advanced Microchip' Has Been Unveiled)

Mass production is expected for the second half of the year, and TSMC promises it will represent a major step forward in performance and efficiency – potentially reshaping the technological landscape." (ScienceAlert, The 'World's Most Advanced Microchip' Has Been Unveiled)

Taiwanese corporations introduced the most advanced microchip in the world. This is one of the most crucial technological solutions, but it also affects the political field. The most advanced computers make it possible to create new and effective control systems for communication and data handling. 

Even if quantum computers take their place in computing. Binary computers and binary chips play a strong role in field applications like laptops, robots, and military systems control. The quantum computers will be in data centers. And the binary computers run the software that makes field applications run. The user will use the quantum computer remotely through the internet using their own PC- or MAC computer. 

The most advanced microchips are tools that no Western security leader will want to take to the wrong hands. If the Chinese will threaten Taiwan.

That thing can cause a situation. Where that very effective microchip will go to the Chinese hands. 

The binary microchips will control the missiles and fighters because the quantum computers are too large and expensive. 

The question in computing is, who has the fastest,  most effective, and trusted technology? 

The fast microchips can control more complicated algorithms than the slow microchips. The kamikaze hybrid drones that are like cruise missiles. That can carry anti-radar or even dogfight sub-missiles can be the new tools for drone and military technology. 

The cruise-missile-drone combination can be the most effective tool. The cruise missile can drop smaller sub-drones into its path. Those quadcopters can search their targets and home them independently. 

The idea is that the kamikaze drone can also open its path and make sure. They were hit by shooting the anti-radar missiles against radars. That is on their way. Then the main missile can impact the target using its internal warhead.  Those systems require lots of computing to make their missions successful. And fast binary processors are effective in those system's guidance. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/the-worlds-most-advanced-microchip-has-been-unveiled?utm_source=flipboard&utm_content=topic/technology

The quantum effect allows us to research our minds and memories.

"A stunning discovery shows that quantum computation might be embedded in the very structure of life, enabling organisms to process information at mind-boggling speeds – even in warm, wet environments. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

The quantum effect in living organisms is something that we might not even understand. The living systems are complicated. They are full of interference, and their entropy is very high. But otherwise in cells. It can be "deep" micro whirls that allow quantum information to travel through the cell itself. The proteins in the cells can also form so-called quantum channels. There quantum information can travel without interacting with the cell's structures. 

That thing opens new visions about the research cell's internal actions and reactions. But that thing opens new visions to trying to understand things like consciousness and its mechanisms. That quantum phenomenon can open the road to research how things like magnetic fields transform or affect our thoughts and minds. That thing can also be the key to reading our memories and dreams. 

"The computational capacities of aneural organisms and neurons have been drastically underestimated by considering only classical information channels such as ionic flows and action potentials, which achieve maximum computing speeds of ∼103 ops/s. However, it has been recently confirmed by fluorescence quantum yield experiments that large networks of quantum emitters in cytoskeletal polymers support superradiant states at room temperature, with maximum speeds of ∼1012 to 1013 ops/s, more than a billion times faster and within two orders of magnitude of the Margolus-Levitin limit for ultraviolet-photoexcited states. "(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

These protein networks of quantum emitters are found in both aneural eukaryotic organisms as well as in stable, organized bundles in neuronal axons. In this single-author research article in Science Advances, quantitative comparisons are made between the computations that can have been performed by all superradiant life in the history of our planet, and the computations that can have been performed by the entire matter-dominated universe with which such life is causally connected. Estimates made for human-made classical computers and future quantum computers with effective error correction motivate a reevaluation of the role of life, computing with quantum degrees of freedom, and artificial intelligences in the cosmos. Credit: Quantum Biology Laboratory, Philip Kurian" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

"Yale researchers have uncovered evidence that babies can store memories far earlier than we once thought. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Your Earliest Memories Might Still Exist – Science Just Found the Clues)

In some models, our first memories are behind things like nightmares. 

Researchers think that the very first memories in our brains still exist. But brains cannot collect them into new entirety. Those first memories are stored in brains where were only a very few neurons if we compare them with adult brains. That means memories scatter around the brain. And maybe. Quantum technology can read those memory allocation units that the first neurons stored. Theoretically, those systems must only recognize those cells, read the data units from those very first memory cells, and then reorder them into the original order. 

Memory cells act like a puzzle. Every piece in the puzzle is an independent memory allocation unit.  Every memory cell holds one part of memory. And cell group handles all of those memories. Every neuron handles only a small part of the image. And if those neurons are far away from each other that makes it hard to restore images.  Thinking means that. Brains reconnect those memory allocation units. When a person gets flashbacks in some stressful situations that means that the non-used neural track is activated. 

There is a model where nightmares are forming in the first memory cells. First memories are behind strange dreams our brains have access to those memories. But they cannot collect them back into their original entirety. 

When we think about information stored in our brains we must realize that the first memories from childhood might not gone or lost. The problem is that our brains advance from childhood. In that process, the number of neurons grows and their connections are multiplying. So our first memories form in brains where there are not very many neurons. When the number of those neurons grows those memories or memory allocation units will go to longer distances than they were in our childhood. Our brains just cannot convert those memories into new entities. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-discovered-quantum-signals-inside-life-itself/

https://scitechdaily.com/your-earliest-memories-might-still-exist-science-just-found-the-clues/

The new plasma thruster uses water as a propellant.

"Florida-based firm Miles Space has demonstrated a water-fueled electric thruster with very low power demands."(Interesting Engineering, Florida startup tests water thruster, runs on just 1.5W for orbital maneuvers)

"The company tested its technology on a European satellite in September 2024. During the flight test, Miles Space’s Poseidon M1.5 thruster produced 37.5 millinewtons of thrust for five minutes at a specific impulse of 4,800 seconds, while drawing power of 1.5 watts." (Interesting Engineering, Florida startup tests water thruster, runs on just 1.5W for orbital maneuvers)

"The thruster fits into a one-unit cubesat and could be used for applications like descent from low-Earth orbit." (Interesting Engineering, Florida startup tests water thruster, runs on just 1.5W for orbital maneuvers)

There are many types of more-or-less practical plasma thrusters. 

Water is a good propellant for rockets. It's cheap, non-toxic, and a common material. Water is not like hydrogen which requires pre-processing. And that makes water easier to handle than hydrogen which must be separated and then turn into a very low temperature. The engine must just expand the water. Basically, the same thruster can use any other liquid from hydrocarbons to hydrogen. 

The system can heat the liquid using an electron, or some other particle beams, electric arcs, lasers, or microwave systems. In some models, the system uses antimatter to boil propellant. The system requires only electricity to create the system that creates the plasma. The system can accelerate plasma by using magnets. 

Plasma thrusters can get their energy from sunlight or from nuclear reactors. One form of so-called solar- or light-sails is the mirror that focuses sunlight into the rocket's engine chamber. There that system can expand propellant. The parabolic mirror can aim sunlight at the carbon fiber structure. Then the system can inject hydrogen into the chamber. There that carbon fiber structure heats the propellant. 

In the most extreme versions, the system uses a laser that can get its energy from the sunlight. The mirror system collects energy and focuses it on the laser element. Then laser beam vaporizes water at hypercritical temperature. There that water turns into plasma. 

When we think about the most exotic versions of that kind of system the engine can use some kind of electrolytic system. The system injects a water ball into the engine chamber. 

The electrolytic system can break water molecules and then the positive and negative electrodes pull those ions and anions into the different directions. When hydrogen ions travel to the anode and oxygen travel to the cathode that makes it possible to create a very exotic ion engine. The oxygen travels to the plate at the front of the chamber. Hydrogen ions can travel out from the engine through the acceleration tube. 

That forms asymmetry in the power. The positive particles travel to the plate where they can from the push. And then another, negative particles travel back from the system from time there they don't create thrust. Those poles in the system can be opposite. Those kinds of ion engines are interesting tools. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/startup-tests-water-fueled-plasma-thruster?group=test_b

The supersonic flight turns metal bonds weaker.

 

Above: North American X-15 in wind tunnel test. 

We know that friction weakens materials. Things like metal structures are vulnerable to heat. The reason for that is that metal structures are not solid and homogenous structures. The friction forms heat that destroys the metal structures. In the second image (Image 2),  we can see the aluminum crystalline structure. We can see that those are not in perfect symmetry. But the structure looks a little bit like a diamond (Image 4). That atomic structure makes aluminum very suitable for aviation. The problem is that the real bonds that are marked as grey tubes don't follow the route of the theoretical bonds that are marked by a black dash. If aluminum atoms form the boxes or structures like carbon in a diamond. That makes it stronger. 

Image 2. Crystalline structure of aluminum. 

However the structure can be more effective if those aluminum atoms can form a perfect box structure that continues homogenously over the entire trunk. Things like nanotubes can transport energy out of the structure. The best solution for nanotubes is that they are horizontally through the metal structure. If there are no connection points. That makes energy travel better through those tubes. 

The image 3 shows the problem of energy in the 3D surfaces. We can see that there are potholes in that structure. And that causes energy asymmetry in this lattice. 

The potholes and hills in structure cause differences in energy levels. Make energy travel to the lower energy points. And that forms standing waves that push atoms away. 

There are two ways to make the material strong. One is nanotubes and one is to make metal extremely pure. 

The structure is like boxes. And that allows the metal to dump energy into those boxes. That energy forms a standing wave that breaks the structure sooner or later. The thing that breaks the structure is the reflecting wave from the metal crystal. When we compare that structure with the diamond's carbon structure.

(Image 3) The polarization in lattice. The polarization under laser ray. Tells about the energy levels in the lattice. 

 We can see that the diamond's dodecahedron structure (Image 3)allows energy to travel out from the structure more easily than from the metal. If the energy level in the top carbon is lower than the bottom carbon. That increases the energy flow through a diamond. 

There are small metal crystals and bites of dross in the metal structure. When heat transfers to those structures. It causes standing waves into the layers. When energy travels into those small crystals. They store that energy inside them. Sooner or later. Energy levels in those metal structures turn higher than in the environment. That energy destroys the material structures. 

(Image 4) Diamond crystalline structure. 

We know that. To keep material in its form. There must be someplace. There the material can put that energy. The reason why carbon fiber stands better at supersonic speed is that it is fiber. In supersonic speed the air pressure pushes carbon fiber against the wing. If that fiber goes over the wing it can transport more energy to air. 

The next question is where that energy dump can put that energy. One answer can be the nanodiamonds. That can transport energy out from the metal. Another answer to the heat problem can be nanotubes that can conduct energy out of the structure. The system works that way so that there is a lower energy area behind the aircraft. 

The nanotubes can transport energy out from metal structures if they continue over the entire airplane's body. Things like electron beams can also operate as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the structure. 

 https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-speed-weakens-metal-bonds-strength-peaks-at-1060-m-s-study-finds?group=test_b