Observations and abstractions.

No, the AI will not replace mathematicians or anything else. Even the best calculator requires formulas that they use. When we think about calculations and other things that computers make, we must realize that the calculations require formulas. Then the computer must make the calculations by following the mathematical orders. The order of calculations is one of the most important things in mathematics. 

Before the quantum computer or binary computer can solve the calculation, a formula is required. Without formulas the calculation is impossible. And the mathematicians make the mathematical formulas. When researchers are making models of the interactions they search the behavior of the fields around objects. 

But it's quite difficult to observe fields that are 1000 ly away from Earth. Researchers look at how materials behave in those fields. And then they try to make the formula that creates curves. Then they try to make curves that match with observations. During that process, we must realize one thing. We cannot see fields or static fields. We see changes in the field. When material delivers energy it shines. The nebulas around neutron stars shine because they deliver energy that neutron stars pump in them. 

That is the way how natural scientists work. But the world of mathematics is interesting. That world of numbers and formulas is purely virtual. The reason why we use a decimal system where ten comes after nine is that we have ten fingers. The ten (10) means that the calculator who uses fingers for calculation must change the hands. 

The number of fingers determined the value where the retake of numbers must be done. There are ten basic numbers. That can form all known numbers. And when we think about zero (0) that is empty. So ten means. The calculator must begin calculations from a new series of ten numbers. The ten means that the series of ten numbers is used. 

The AI still requires humans. Even if it's more capable than ever before. AI can be productive, it can calculate many things faster than humans. But the problem with AI is this. It doesn't have any kind of imagination. The AI collects data that matches with orders that it gets. And then. AI makes a combination of the data that it collects. 

But does the AI have imagination? When we think of abstraction and use our imagination we make simulations. But when our brains make simulations. They just collect data from different memory blocks. And then they make new model or new images from those memories. That new image might have no connection to the real world. We can imagine that we have wings and fly like birds. But in that process, we just combine humans with birds. Memories are material that the brain processes. 

The ability to think abstraction is the key to the innovation. But before innovation, we must have theoretical models. We can say that imagination is the simulation, or virtual simulation in our brain. And also the AI can create and improve its skills using simulations. The simulation is a virtual action in the computer memory. During that process, the AI simulates missions that it should transfer to robots. Those robots can turn that virtual model into real action. 

The new components make AI more multifunctional than ever before.

 

"The robots can adapt to different work tasks and production line layouts." (Interesting Engineering, China’s humanoid robot army turns factory into precision-packed powerhouse)

The new AI tool transforms geographic information systems, GIS into 3D maps and other things. The system can make many things. From game areas to the traffic and even city-scale simulations. The ability to make 3D maps and spaces makes it possible to make the operational areas for the robots that operate in the area. 

The AI that can make spaces by following spoken words can make it possible to create images for police. The AI-based robot drawer can revolutionize art and criminal investigations. The thing is that we must not expect too much from the AI. The CEO murder in NYC is an example of the limits of AI in face recognition. 

If the face recognition uses only visual images without IR systems that can see through the masks. The AI is helpless. And then another thing is that the person who doesn't do anything suspicious before the shooting is not marked for the system. That means the system will not follow the person who is not marked for it. 

Police say that the shooter used a 3D-printed pistol. That means that there is the possibility that the person has no official handguns. And that makes this case very hard to solve using traditional police methods. The problem is that anybody can own a 3D printer. It's impossible to track the 3D-printed pistol. 

But the AI is a tool. That can make many things. That is impossible for humans. 

The system that controls the robots in the area can learn things in seconds. The system can download the 3D maps to the robot group. And the AI can control things like sensor fusion. The robot group can connect their sensors into one entirety. And that makes them an ultimate tool for civil and military purposes. Another thing is that the robot is the tool. It cannot make anything dangerous if the operators don't order it to make those things.

The humanoid robots that operate in the Chinese warehouse can be tools that can turn into firemen or soldiers. The limit of those robots is their power sources. The robots that operate as an entirety can also interconnect their operational instructions like operation maps. When one robot learns the drawings of the buildings it can scale that information through the entire group. The humanoid robots can turn any ship or aircraft into a robot vehicle. 

And when we think about the policy of China, we must realize that Chinese people understand those robots' military value. The robots are tools that don't excuse their orders. That makes them dangerous. The person who controls robots must realize how dangerous they can be.  But as we know the same systems that can save lives can operate in a war zone. There are weapons. Like EMP impulses that affect only robots. There is the possibility of denying the robot's information exchange. But things. Like laser communication can avoid the ECM systems.

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ai-tech-builds-3d-maps

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/magiclab-robot-army-in-factory

https://futurism.com/the-byte/ai-fail-uhc-killer-luigi-mangione

 

https://futurism.com/the-byte/ceo-killer-suspect-3d-printed-pistol

Russian possible orbital nuclear warheads are real threats. If they exist.

Above: R-36 (SS-18)

The Soviet Union planned to launch nuclear weapons into an orbital trajectory in the 1960's. That allows the Soviets to create the system. That can give an extremely fast strike capacity. At that time the systems were primitive, and the launching plan happened from the ground station. Modern technology like AI makes it possible to create more deadly spaceborne nukes than in the 1960's. 

Officially. The program was terminated. Because. Of the nuclear test ban treaty that banned nuclear weapons from space. However, there were suspicions that the Soviets continued that program in secrecy. The big launching systems like R-36 SS-18 "Satan" (also known as F-1, SS-9 "Scarp") and its successor RS-28 "Sarmat" could easily transport one warhead to the orbital trajectory. 

Above: The Chinese shuttle below H-8 bomber 2012. 

The SS-18 can carry one 800 kg "Avangard" hypersonic glide vehicle, HGV to an orbital parking trajectory to wait for the order to attack. The "Scarp" was equipped with the 20 mt thermonuclear weapon. And the same rocket launched many Soviet and Russian satellites. 

The name of the program was Fractional Orbital Bombardment System, FOBS. The system was a satellite equipped with a nuclear bomb that launched into the orbital trajectory. The ground station would detonate that bomb. 

"A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) is a warhead delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit towards its target destination. Just before reaching the target, it deorbits through a retrograde engine burn."

(Wikipedia, Fractional Orbital Bombardment System)

"Fractional Orbital Bombardment System compared to a traditional ICBM" (Wikipedia, Fractional Orbital Bombardment System)

"The Soviet Union first developed FOBS as a nuclear weapons delivery system in the 1960s. It was one of the first Soviet efforts to use space to deliver nuclear weapons. In August 2021, the People's Republic of China tested a weapon that combined a FOBS with a hypersonic glide vehicle." (Wikipedia, Fractional Orbital Bombardment System)

Wikipedia says that the FOBS uses the low-orbital trajectory. The fact is that the FOBS can wait even at the stationary trajectory. There the nuclear weapon waits in order to attack. When it gets that order the weapon travels to a lower altitude for attack. If the weapon is parked just over the target the warning time will be very short if it starts to attack. The Chinese tested the FOBS technology, suitable for hypersonic gliders. And that means the system can use the mini-shuttles to carry its nuclear warhead. 

Above: Chinese mini-shuttle. 

There are two ways to make the FOBS systems. The first one would be the system that would orbit the Earth. And then suddenly detonate in the near-space. That detonation makes a powerful electromagnetic pulse, EMP. That destroys the electronics. The USA tested the EMP weapon on July 9, 1962, in a nuclear test called "Dominic Starfish Prime". 

The 1,4 mt. The thermonuclear weapon detonated over Honolulu in the 400 km. over the ground. The distance from Hawaii to the detonation was over 1400 kilometers. And the electromagnetic shock destroyed a large number of electronics, including 300 street lights. In the 1960's electronics were less harmful against the EMP and that tells what happens if the 1-20 mt thermonuclear warhead detonates over the USA.

The Soviet Bor-4 Mini shuttle Australian Coast in 1984 

The EMP impulse purpose in nuclear scenarios is to put the enemy's defense to the knee. And those impulses can also drop fighters and bombers. Along with civilian aircraft. The EMP pulse can also destroy multiple satellites and make the trajectory useless for years. The plasma would cause problems for satellites even years. The Russians can also use larger 50 mt thermonuclear devices to destroy all electronics from another side. Another thing is that the FOBS can drop nuclear bombs on cities. 

Above: The MiG-105 "Spiral". 

The satellite that carries nuclear weapons must not open as it does in the Bond movie "Goldeneye". The EMP FOBS weapon can be masked in the spy satellite. Today things like miniature shuttles make the FOBS an even bigger threat than before. The MiG-105 "Spiral" and X-37B make it possible to transport nuclear weapons to space. The system can be the hydrogen bomb that is in the shuttle's cargo bay. 

When those systems get their order to attack. Those shuttles can make the kamikaze attack against the target. Or if the system doesn't need to be used, the shuttle can bring those warheads back. So those miniature shuttles can act as space cruise missiles. The FOBS system requires big booster rockets. The SS-18 (F-1) systems and other big space rockets can carry FOBS weapons to orbital trajectory. 

The FOBS warhead is not necessarily large. The nuclear grenades can act as spaceborne weapons as well as bigger weapons. If those systems are installed in satellites, there is the possibility that defense systems cannot react to those threats. 

https://orbitaltoday.com/2024/11/18/china-unveils-haolong-a-reusable-cargo-shuttle-for-tiangong-space-station/

https://www.space.com/18410-china-space-plane-project-mystery.html

https://futurism.com/the-byte/russian-space-nuke-revelations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avangard_(hypersonic_glide_vehicle)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_(missile)#R-36M_(SS-18)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-28_Sarmat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_Prime

Google's new quantum chip called "Willow" is the revolutionizing tool for quantum computing.

"Willow chip outpaces all known supercomputers, offering insights into future technologies that could change the world". (InterestingEngineering, Google’s new quantum chip ‘Willow’ beats supercomputers by 10 septillion years)

Google describes its new Willow chip like this: 

Google blog says that Willow has state-of-the-art performance across several metrics, enabling two major achievements.

"The first is that Willow can reduce errors exponentially as we scale up using more qubits. This cracks a key challenge in quantum error correction that the field has pursued for almost 30 years. (Google Blog, Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip).

"Second, Willow performed a standard benchmark computation in under five minutes that would take one of today’s fastest supercomputers 10 septillion (that is, 1025) years — a number that vastly exceeds the age of the Universe. (Google Blog, Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip).

The Willow chip is the size of a Critter chocolate slab. It has 105 qubits. And every single qubit has two states. So. The Willow chip has 2^105 quantum states. And the power of the chip is impressive. The Willow beats supercomputers in 10 septrillion years. That means it makes calculations that supercomputers calculate the rest o of the universe's age in five minutes. 

That means the Willow can be used to break any code on the Earth. It can make impressive simulations and many other things. And maybe quite soon. We will get our first personal quantum computers. The nanotechnology in coolers and pressure systems makes it possible to create small thermos spaces. 

 (InterestingEngineering, Google’s new quantum chip ‘Willow’ beats supercomputers by 10 septillion years)

Those thermos spaces allow to creation portable combination of high-pressure and low-temperature spaces where superconduction is possible. The combination of high pressure and low temperature would give an impressive opportunity to create small portable quantum computers whose size is the same as traditional servers. The nanotubes or graphene fullerene tubes can support the small metal tubes. That makes those systems quite safe. 

The thing is that the Chinse are made of 504 qubit quantum computers in the Chinese National Computer Institute. And those systems are things that have many civil and military applications. The high-power quantum computers can have much more power than the portable personal quantum computers. Even a small quantum computer can break any code that is made using binary computers. 

One of the things that makes quantum computers problematic is that they are so powerful. Those systems require error detection but they are effective. The multi-state quantum computers that the powerful AI controls can use the acceleration protocol to detect and solve errors. The acceleration model means that the system makes the solution using low speed. When it checks the answer the system accelerates its speed. It can also use two quantum lines or two different quantum computers at the same time. 

The problem with quantum computers is that they need binary computers as the input and output tools. The quantum computer is a tool that can be powerful. However, it requires operating systems and morphing neural networks to drive the programs inside the quantum core. The neural network observes and controls the qubits in the system. 

But when we think of tools like distributing computing we can have more powerful tools that nobody ever imagined. The distributing quantum computers. Networked quantum computers can be the most powerful calculation tool that we ever imagine. This is why. Researchers and developers are working with quantum networks. The quantum networks allow to transmission of data in the form of qubits. 

Or in a long-distance quantum entanglement. That makes it possible for quantum computers can exchange data straight in the quantum mode. That removes the bottleneck of binary computers from communication between systems. When data is once driven to the quantum state next time the system requires a binary state is when the quantum computer delivers processed data to a screen or printer.  

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c791ng0zvl3o

https://blog.google/technology/research/google-willow-quantum-chip/

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/google-willow-quantum-chip

https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-computers-cross-critical-error-threshold-20241209/

The easy things in AI are gone.

"THE LOW-HANGING FRUIT IS GONE. THE HILL IS STEEPER."

CEO of Google.  Sundar Pichai is saying sayonara to the era of easy AI advancements.

The new AI advances require better hardware and better programming. With better education and studies. The thing that we should make is that. We should consider that the users of the LLM know where they should not use the AI.

 If people believe that the Chat-GPT is the tool that can act as a therapist or make everything. That they want. They are on the wrong route. We must call also other people to discuss with engineers to make decisions. Where do we want to go with the AI? The engineer who makes AI can use it. But does the normal person even know where they can use those tools? 

Normally we see either, positive or negative news about AI. But there are both sides in the AI. 

We can find many positive and many negative things in AI. The AI is like all other tools. There is the possibility to use them for positive and negative things. 

The human user makes decisions about where to use AI. AI is here to stay. It makes life easier. But AI is a fundamental tool. All tools need training and exercise so that they work like they should. 

Maybe the new campaign for citizens should be the AI driver's license that is similar to a computer's driver's license. However, the focus should be on the reasonable use of AI. The AI that draws bears who use computers is not the AI that searches tumors from X-ray images. And the AI that controls aircraft and drone swarms is far away from those two things. 

The Chairman of Google said that Easy solutions for AI are over. And we need new tools to make the new types of AI. But before we create any new types of AI. We must ask ourselves, what do we want? Do we want the AI that makes everything for us? The AI is not ready to think like humans. 

Another thing is that the AI is not qualified to work as a therapist. That means people should be informed of the limits of the AI. And the second thing is that the AI is not the tool that can make everything. If we want to use AI as a therapist that system requires lots of work. The AI requires certified parameters to act as a therapist. And do we want that thing? Do we want to transform everything into algorithms? 

Don't overestimate the AI, but don't underestimate it. More you know about it. More safer you are. 

Before we create new AI-based tools like algorithms or LLMs we must ask what we need, what we want. And what we can do. If we can make an AI that can work as a salesman or secretary for some boss there is a long way that the AI can operate as a therapist. 

It is the tool that should help humans. But it cannot make independent decisions. The AI has multiple limits. There are also dangers in that system. Sometimes the AI or intelligent chatbot causes situations where the people who have some problems harm themselves. 

If they use chatbots for therapeutic purposes. When we protect people's privacy we forget to ask, what the LLM should do if somebody seems self-destructive. 

The problem is that the chatbots like Chat-GPT and its competitors are not made for therapeutic purposes. There are people. Who use those creative chatbots for therapeutic purposes. And the fact is that those intelligent chatbots are not tested for those things. That means those systems can give answers that are not tolerated. And those cases mean. That we, or some other person expect too much about the LLM's and other AI solutions. 

The AI can make many impressive things like paintings or art by following text commands that the user gives. The newest tool is that the AI can make computer-game-type virtual worlds by following orders. That thing makes it possible to create a virtual model of cities and other places using spoken or written commands. 

AI can be a new tool for police work. The victim of a crime can use the AI to make the image of the person who made the crime. That makes the police artists' work easier. The same systems can be used to collect data from opponents' military systems or some other classified platforms. But those AI systems don't think. They just follow algorithms. 

The AI can change our way of thinking because it doesn't think. If the AI follows the page ranking the AI selects the popular homepages for making the solution. The AI just combines the text from different homepages. And if it selects the most popular homepages that can cause massive problems. The biggest problem is that toxic homepages are popular if we want to calculate only the clicks. And the clicks are the easiest way to measure how popular some texts are. The thing is that this can polarize information that the AI gives very much. 

And finally. Do we want the AI that thinks for us? Do we want to make a doctoral thesis using AI? That is the big thing in the AI. We can make many new things using AI. But are we going too far? When we go to some school. Maybe we want to learn something. 

But if some AI makes everything to us. That means we don't learn anything. So if we want to go to a situation where the AI makes a doctoral thesis and even thinks for us, we go to a situation where we raise the AI over us. When we cheat in cases like schools the only thing that we cheat is ourselves. The AI is the thing that requires training. The worst thing is to accept the thing, that AI cannot make everything. And it's dangerous to misuse it. 

https://futurism.com/the-byte/google-ceo-easy-ai-over

Can bacteria transmit information between species?

The astrobiological researchers. Along with SETI-institute. Made the hypothetical model, that bacteria can transmit information between alien species. However, there is the possibility of using artificial bacteria and artificial DNA to make biorobots that can transmit data to neurons. That makes it possible to fix things like neural damage. 

The fact is that. It is possible. That bacteria can transmit information to the neuron using electric impulses. The bacteria require customized DNA to make the right electric impulses. The system can create artificial cells. And artificial DNA that can control the biological USB stick that can transport data to neurons or regular computers. This is one thing that the programmed cells can make. 

But the artificial bacteria can make many new things. The artificial bacteria can also slow or even stop aging. When we think of aging as an entirety, we must know that there are two types of DNA in the cell that can damaged. The first and most well-known DNA is in the cell's core. And the other DNA is in the mitochondria. Some diseases are the result of the DNA damage in mitochondria. 

"Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comes from a third party. " (Wikipedia, Mitochondrial replacement therapy)

"This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for mitochondrial diseases. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom. A second application is to use autologous mitochondria to replace mitochondria in damaged tissue to restore the tissue to a functional state. This has been used in clinical research in the United States to treat cardiac-compromised newborns." (Wikipedia, Mitochondrial replacement therapy)

When cells divide the mitochondria, cell organelles whose purpose is to create energy for the cell get a signal to divide. Same way as the outcoming effects destroy the DNA in the cell's core, the same effects destroy the DNA in mitochondria. So if we want to make the cell young again, we must change the DNA in its core and also replace the mitochondria in the cell using mitochondria with new and fresh DNA. 

The programmed cell can create mitochondria with fresh DNA and then transfer those things into the targeted cells. There is one little problem. Those mitochondria must have the same antigens as the receiver. But it's possible that if the person's cell and mitochondria DNA map is done at a young age the nanotechnical system can create the artificial DNA. It's possible. 

The nanotechnical system can take the young creatures' mitochondria DNA and then connect there the DNA that control's the antigen formation. That allows cloning of the mitochondria that can be used to replace sick mitochondria. And maybe someday ability to fix DNA damage and switch the DNA in the cells and their mitochondria will make long-term space journeys possible. 

https://scitechdaily.com/search-for-extraterrestrial-intelligence-how-microbes-could-communicate-with-alien-species/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_replacement_therapy

Cosmic web and dark interaction.

"An extracted still from Simulation of the Cosmic Web’s magnetic field video. The blue and green colors give the (growing) strength of magnetic fields in the simulation, while the red color marks the gas temperature. Credit: Vazza F; ENZO; Piz-Daint CSCS (Lugano)" (ScitechDaily, Unveiling the Universe’s Hidden Glow: Magnetic Shockwaves Illuminate the Cosmic Web)

The magnetic shockwaves that illuminate the cosmic web don't form without reason. In that phenomenon, something pumps energy into the magnetic objects like neutron stars or magnetic fields.  That releases a very strong magnetic pulse to the cosmic web. An interesting question is: where does that energy come from? 

The cosmic web is the largest known structure in the universe. That web connects galaxies with each other. In some models, plasma flows are between stars and even between galaxies. The cosmic web is the material that accumulates around something. That something can be the chain of dark matter particles. 

Called weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs. The WIMP is a mysterious thing in the universe. Sometimes researchers think that WIMP is some kind of quasiparticle or maybe a miniature black hole. Or maybe WIMP is a virtual particle, the energy shadow that forms on the opposite side of the particle. The energy or quantum shadow makes a situation where the energy tries to fill that shadow. 

And that means the WIMP could be some kind of energy field that acts like a particle. One of the explanations can be the standing gravitational waves. The only known thing is that. There is some kind of gravitational effect that the source is unknown. In those models, dark energy can be the energy that primordial or quantum-size black holes can send while they vaporize. 

"A composite image showing the magnetic fields of the cosmic web, featuring a pull out of how radio data was stacked. Credit: Vernstrom et al. 2023"(ScitechDaily, Unveiling the Universe’s Hidden Glow: Magnetic Shockwaves Illuminate the Cosmic Web)

The accelerating expansion of the universe can have two reasons. 

1) The gravity turns weaker. 

2) Some kinds of small high-energy objects like primordial black holes can release energy stored in them. 

The model means that when quantum fields around particles turn weaker and material in the universe turns less dense that means the vaporization in things like black holes accelerates. That means. It's possible. That dark energy and Hawking radiation could be the same thing. 

But then we can look at the newest observations about dark matter and try to complete its models we can see that dark matter can form similar structures as visible material. So, dark matter can form things like black holes. Dark matter interacts with black holes through gravitation. 

When we try to explain things like the cosmic web we can see that there is some kind of gravitational effect that forms the web. There is something that forms that web. Nothing happens by itself in the universe. There is energy that makes things happen. While energy moves that cause actions. Every action requires energy. And standing energy doesn't do anything. Energy must move so that it can make something. 

"‘Stacking’ many images together can make the signal of interest brighter than the background noise. Credit: Tessa Vernstrom, Author provided" (ScitechDaily, Unveiling the Universe’s Hidden Glow: Magnetic Shockwaves Illuminate the Cosmic Web)

Things like power loss are the reason for the nature of wave movement. When an object sends energy to another object the energy sector expands. So a long-distance major part of the energy doesn't hit the object. Anyway, the ball-shaped particle sends wave movement into a ball-shaped form, and only a small part of the energy will impact the receiving particle. 

When we think about things like spin spinning particles like neutrons can collect wave movement into the middle of itself. Then it can turn that radiation into an energy beam. The idea is that. Extremely fast spinning particles can collect energy into it. And then that thing forms the energy pike that travels out from its axle. 

"Stacking cluster pairs: the two dark spots aligned vertically are the clusters and show depolarization due to turbulence, while the outer areas and the area between the clusters are highly polarized. Credit: Tessa Vernstrom using Planck data, Author provided" (ScitechDaily, Unveiling the Universe’s Hidden Glow: Magnetic Shockwaves Illuminate the Cosmic Web)

The black holes and material do not form energy. They store energy in a new form. And when those objects energy levels turn high enough, the energy flow turns away from those objects. Sometimes gravity is explained using vaporizing ice as the model. When we put ice on the hot layer the ice starts to send vapor. During that process, the ice bounds energy and transfers it into vapor. And that decreases the temperature of the layer. 

The energy travels to that point from other places. And if that thing happens in the universe that energy is the quantum field that transports particles into that point. So in the universe layer is the Higgs field and the heat is the effect that pulls energy out from that field. 

Above: The Cosmic Microwave Background, CMB (Wikipedia, Cosmic microwave background). Does the dark energy background look like this? 

The dark matter is the mystery. There is a possibility that dark energy forms when WIMPs send wave movement. But today researchers know that dark matter and dark energy might not have cosmological constant. That means. The dark energy can form similar structures. As the cosmic microwave background. And we know that there are galaxies without dark matter. 

That means. Dark matter can create similar forms as visible matter. So there can be giant dark matter clouds in the universe. The stable environment can cause a situation where the energy strings can travel past the energy potholes like exciton. In that case, the energy string closes other energy impulses away. And that denies the weak outside field filling the pothole. 

So when we think about things like Einstein's Theory of Relativity and the MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) we face one interesting question: can both of those models be right? Researchers tried to find the mistakes from Einstein's models and Einstein was right again. 

Sometimes difference between two models forms from the direction where we close that model. If we remember things like Newtonian gravitational models we can see that. They are suitable tools for certain scales. The scale and needed accuracy determine what theory, model, and formula we use. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-cosmic-history-desis-new-map-challenges-traditional-dark-energy-views/

https://scitechdaily.com/unveiling-the-universes-hidden-glow-magnetic-shockwaves-illuminate-the-cosmic-web/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Machine learning and nanotechnology.

"In-situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy electrodeposition of PtNi nanoparticle films on a carbon electrode during cyclic voltammetry. The electron beam (here in green color) illuminated the electrode (here in orange color) submerged in the platinum and nickel salt solution, enhancing the growth of the PtNi nanoparticle film (grey color) on the electrode. The film thickness increases with each cycle and by the fourth cycle reaction-rate limited growth of branched and porous structures were observed. Credit: Weronika Wojtowicz, water background from freepik" (ScitechDaily, Inside the Nano Factory: Real-Time Insights Into Nanostructure Creation)

Machine learning makes it possible to predict the structures of materials. And that makes it possible to create more effective tools for nanotechnology. Nanotechnology means that the systems can create complex synthetic chemical structures. And those structures can turn into fundamental chemistry and mechanical tools. Machine learning makes it possible to create always similar conditions. 

Then it can make very accurate mixtures of chemicals into the reaction chamber. The AI can search and model things that happen in the cells when they create the complex organic molecules those systems can create the cloned cells. Or they can create a chemical factory that emulates living cells. In some cases, the ultra-sharp systems can remove cell organelle from the cells and then activate it using nutrient injections. 

The term fundamental chemistry means. The system can manipulate and control single atoms in molecules. That allows to creation of structures with atom-sharp accuracy. The fundamental chemistry in nanotechnology makes it possible to create graphene or fullerene graphene structures. In the last one, the structure is the fullerene molecules that nanotubes connect into their entirety. That material can be very strong and lightweight. The nanosystems can make many things. Like synthetic proteins and enzymes. 

"By learning from millions of crystal descriptions, CrystaLLM predicts new material structures faster, aiding in the rapid development of technologies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, AI Decodes Crystal Patterns To Power Tomorrow’s Innovations)

The biomimetic systems can emulate things like slime molds. The slime mold is an organism that can learn things without neurons. And that means that the same proteins and enzymes that make slime mold to learn things can be installed into the silicone structure. The ability to follow thousands of objects at the same time. 

Make it possible to find out, what makes the slime mold learn. Another way is to use the microchips that pull and push the protein fibers. And then it can use the method to control things like liquid robots. Liquid robots are tools that can be used in medical work to clean blood vessels or close them to stop the blood leak. Those systems can also analyze things like water tubes. The liquid, but non-organic robots can also search for things like incipient fire. And then those robots can cover those flames. 

The nanotechnology is one of the biggest things in human history. The nanosystems require very precise and accurate information about the materials and their formation. The system can use the most modern microscopes for analyzing the process and the environment. Where the system creates those complicated molecular and sub-molecular structures.  

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-decodes-crystal-patterns-to-power-tomorrows-innovations/

https://scitechdaily.com/inside-the-nano-factory-real-time-insights-into-nanostructure-creation/

Neutronium: material that exists only in neutron stars.

"In theory, any type of baryon, or entity made of three quarks, can bind together to any other type of baryon. However, while protons-and-neutrons can bind together to form stable bound states (like atomic nuclei), neutrons-and-neutrons and protons-and-protons do not. " (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t neutrons bind together?)

Neutronium is a material that exists only in neutron stars. Or, neutron stars are material that is as close to neutronium as possible. There are no electrons that orbit those neutrons and that means the neutron star is not exactly neutronium. "Real" neutronium requires electrons. During the supernova explosion, the energy impulse smashes the electrons into the atom's core forming the structure that is like a giant neutron. 

Theoretical neutronium would be a pack of neutrons or a "miniature neutron star". And electrons orbiting it. In some theories, high-power electromagnetic radiation like laser beams can press the electrons into an atom's shell and create a ball, where there are only neutrons. Then the system can put the high-energy electrons in orbit that structure. 

The problem is that when energy pumping ends the energy that comes out from the neutron ball pushes electrons away. If researchers use lasers to stabilize that structure sooner or later the energy level rises so high, that the lasers cannot pump energy into it. 

In a supernova explosion neutron star stores a massive energy load and the massive gravity keeps that thing in its form. If the strength of gravity is weaker than this energy load the neutron star releases electrons. Or when the structure expands the electrons will separate from those particles. And that forms the carbon star. 

There is massive gravitation. And outcoming energy forms a condition. That denies neutron decay. The neutron star itself doesn't produce energy. But plasma and other materials. That impacts its shell and causes a situation. There the energy at the neutron star's shell is at a higher level than inside it. The massive gravitation along high energy levels makes the existence of neutronium possible. 

The neutronium is a hypothetical material that includes only neutrons. The neutron star is close to that material because it includes only neutrons. However, the neutronium does not exist in other places than in those dense, hot, and heavy objects. And that means neutronium is a useless material. A teaspoon of this material weighs as much as the Earth.

Above: Hypothetically, it would be possible for identical particles, such as neutrons, to form bound states with one another if there’s enough binding energy to make it so. Unfortunately, the only place where this can occur for more than a minuscule fraction of a second is inside a neutron star, where the gravitational force adds additional binding energy to the (insufficient) nuclear binding energy through the strong nuclear force. A one-time detection of a tetraneutron state, dating back to 2016, was finally replicated in 2022, showing that dineutron and tetraneutron states can very temporarily exist outside of a neutron star. (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t neutrons bind together?) 

As we see there is the gravity that bounds neutrons together in a neutron star. But there is no weak nuclear force or electromagnetic bounds between neutrons if they form structures there are only neutrons. One of the reasons why that thing happens is this. The difference in energy levels between protons and neutrons makes energy or weak nuclear force move in the atom's nucleus. Without that flow, the weak nuclear force cannot bind particles together. 

In some models, researchers can put neutrons together by pressing more energy into another neutron than others. That thing will not work at least in long-term solutions. The problem is that energy flows to the lower energy level until the entirety has the same energy level. And in that moment all particles start to form standing waves between them. That destroys the structure. 

 If all particles are identical, that means. They have the same energy level and they oscillate at the same frequency. That thing forms a situation where all neutrons oscillate synchronously at the same time. That thing forms energy waves that destroy this structure. 

Below: Free  neutron decay. (Wikipedia, free neutron decay)

One of the reasons for stable neutronium is impossible in nature. Is the short lifetime of neutrons. Neutron exists for only about 15 seconds and then it decays. And deliver energy. That energy destroys the structure. 

The energy falls to the neutron star but it cannot break its structure even if it jumps out from the middle of it. The massive gravity keeps the neutron star in one form and the energy that this thing creates keeps those neutrons existing. But when a neutron comes out from the atom's core its lifetime is about 15 seconds. And the "neutron graphene" could exist only in very high energy levels. 

Theoretically is possible to create a 2D neutron structure by pressing neutron clouds from both sides using massive high-power radiation. But that thing requires very much energy and the only thing that can make that material is high-power antimatter systems that create antimatter-matter annihilation between some other 2D material layers. 

The annihilation vacuum bomb can create short-term neutronium. The system would be the ball. The annihilation happens between graphene layers and it could create so much energy that it can smash electrons into the atom's core. That turns all particles into neutrons. The neutron star is a very dense and hot object and gravity on that object is extremely strong. 

The annihilation reaction around the molecular clouds can have enough energy to press electrons into the atom's core. And that should make the structure. That is similar to a neutron star. The mini-neutron star's existence is from a couple of seconds to minutes. The problem is that the annihilation vacuum bomb will turn into radiation during that process. 

Or maybe high-power laser systems can press neutrons into that structure. The problem is that the neutron net or neutron graphene requires so much energy that the system is not suitable because it's so expensive to use. The neutron graphene would be the strongest structure in the universe. But the problem is how to stabilize it. In some very futuristic visions, the spacecraft has a special fusion or antimatter reactor that covers its entire shell. 

The fusion acts as the electromagnetic press that happens on both sides of the neutron structure. And there the neutron net can stay. The problem is that the high-power fusion must happen symmetrically around the neutron net. And the temperature in that system would be billions of degrees. So that thing is possible in the far future. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/neutrons-bind-together/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_neutron_decay

Hubble unveils new structures around quasar 3C273.

NASA’s Hubble Telescope has captured unprecedented details of the quasar 3C 273, highlighting complex structures and energetic jets near its central black hole, offering new insights into the mechanics of quasars and their galactic environments. Credit: NASA, ESA, Bin Ren (Université Côte d’Azur/CNRS), John Bahcall (IAS), Joseph DePasquale (STScI) (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

The quasar (or galaxy) 3C273 is an interesting object. Distance to it is 25 billion light years. And it's the most distant object. We can see using backyard telescopes. The quasar 3C273 creates the L or mechanic's wrench-looking structure near it. That structure can form when the supermassive black hole's relativistic jet impacts some cosmic nebula near that quasar. But there is another thing that can form that strange structure. 

Another interesting detail is that there seem to be two more jets out from the bright quasar. Those two jets are below left in the quasar quite near the main jet. They are visible in the image, where the coronograph covers the bright area of the quasar 3C273. Those structures look like trumpets or Shrek's horns. The upper can be a star or another quasar near the edge of the quasar but the lower jet is coming out from the quasar. Those details are visible in the image where light is blocked. 

"A Hubble Space Telescope image of the core of quasar 3C 273. A coronagraph on Hubble blocks out the glare coming from the supermassive black hole at the heart of the quasar. This allows astronomers to see unprecedented details near the black hole such as weird filaments, lobes, and a mysterious L-shaped structure, probably caused by small galaxies being devoured by the black hole. Located 2.5 billion light-years away, 3C 273 is the first quasar (quasi-stellar object) ever discovered, in 1963. Credit: NASA, ESA, Bin Ren (Université Côte d’Azur/CNRS), John Bahcall (IAS), Joseph DePasquale (STScI) (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

There might be the vortex beams around that jet. That kind of structure can form when the relativistic jet impacts with a smaller black hole's jet or travels through its accelerating disk. As the quasar itself the protogalaxy forms around the black hole. But those small dwarf galaxies have smaller black holes that can be stellar mass or low-medium mass. Those black holes are lightweight if we compare them with monstrous supermassive black holes like 3C273. (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

"A two-panel image of quasar 3C 273, taken by different Hubble instruments. The top panel is a WFPC2 image of 3C 273. It looks like a bright white car headlight. There’s a linear orange-white smoke-like feature stretching to the 4 o’clock position, an extragalactic jet launched from the quasar in the center of the black hole of an unseen galaxy. Below the title is a color key showing which filters were used to create the image and which color is assigned to each filter: F450W is blue, F606W is orange." (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

"Compass arrows at bottom right corner show the orientation of the image on the sky; north arrow points in the 11 o’clock direction; east arrow points toward 8 o’clock. A scale bar at bottom left corner is labeled “182,000 light-years” over “15 arc seconds.” The STIS coronagraph image in the bottom panel is roughly the same as the WFPC2 image, but in blue shades. A black circle blocks the glare of the quasar. Blue-colored filamentary material can be seen near the black hole. The extragalactic jet is still visible." (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

"Credit: NASA, ESA, Bin Ren (Université Côte d’Azur/CNRS), John Bahcall (IAS), Joseph DePasquale (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, What Are These Weird Structures Hubble Spotted Near a Monster Black Hole?)

A supermassive black hole can form when an interstellar or intergalactic nebula falls because of its own gravity. Stellar or medium-mass black holes can form when blue hydrogen-burning supergiants detonate as supernovas or when two or more supergiants collide. 

Those things tell us about the very complicated interactions near that quasar. The quasar itself is very hot and active. The relativistic jet is also visible. And another thing that we can see is some kind of nebula that it just impacts. There are also proto galaxies that impact that extremely bright high-energy object. So the black hole in that quasar is the most dominating object in its neighborhood. 

If we were about ten light-years distance from that object. It would be as bright as the sun. The quasar releases as much energy in a second as a galaxy's stars release during their entire lifetime. The quasars will turn into a galaxy in a couple of billion years. The quasars are mysterious objects in the young universe. The complete databases tell about the changes in the brightness of those quasars and their supermassive black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/what-are-these-weird-structures-hubble-spotted-near-a-monster-black-hole/

The Medusa: advanced nuclear pulse propulsion.

Basically. The Medusa system is based on a similar concept. With the famous project Orion. The attempt to create the nuclear pulse propulsion for the interplanetary flight. Project Orion planned to use small nuclear bombs to accelerate its speed to interplanetary missions. And basically. We can say that the Medusa is the modified  "Orion" that uses the solar sail for acceleration. 

The solar sail can be packed at the nose of the "Orion" and the system can use solar energy to accelerate its speed before it detonates nuclear bombs. Even if in that film the nuclear bomb is detonated at the front of the craft. It's possible to detonate them behind the craft and then the would be the Orion, which uses solar sail for accelerating its speed and the nuclear bombs will get into use when the caft is away from the sun. 

When sunlight is weak the Medusa system can continue its journey by using nuclear bombs like small hydrogen bombs. The craft can have two magnets away from its shell. Their mission would be to transfer ions like helium or alpha ions and beta particles like anions and electrons into those magnets. That protects the spacecraft shell and its crew or measurement tools against those particles. And if those nukes launch at the front of the craft those magnets minimize the force that pushes the craft backward. 

There are many ways to use nuclear bombs in acceleration. The craft can carry nuclear bombs inside it. The small neutron bombs will push the craft forward. But then we can think that large-size hydrogen bombs will shoot into space at certain points of the Medusa's trajectory. When Medusa passes those points the 50 mt. Hydrogen bombs will explode. And they will push the craft forward. But in some models, the system can use things like small antimatter bombs to give acceleration. 

In some lightweight systems, the large parabolic mirror will heat the hydrogen in the tank. Hydrogen can give energy to the solar generators. And if the system has a cooler that thing can make it possible to recycle hydrogen. 

Medusa as a weapon. 

There is the possibility to use the Medusa-type system as a weapon. In those systems, parabolic mirror collects sunlight for lasers. In lasers, those mirrors will aim the sunlight at the laser element which can be carbon dioxide laser. Those lasers give very high-energy pulses. The large mirror can also operate as an energy collector for nuclear lasers. 

In those systems, the nuclear weapon's flash will focus by using that mirror into the lasers that can be very powerful. In some other versions of the high-power X-ray lasers, the laser system gets its energy from the nuclear bomb that detonates around the laser element. That gives a very high power energy impulse to the target.